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Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers in female sex workers (FSW) in Mexico City. Methods: The study population consisted of 1498 FSW who attended a detection centre for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Mexico City, between January and October 1992. Study participants responded to a standardised questionnaire and provided a blood sample for serology of syphilis, HIV, and HBV. Results: A total of 0.2% (95% CI 0.1-0.3) of the population were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. The general prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was 6.3% (95% CI 5.5-7.1). This marker of previous exposition to HBV, was independently associated by logistic regression multivariate analysis with age, working in the street, and history of blood transfusion (BT) before 1987 (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.1-11.3). Syphilis prevalence was 7.6% (95% CI 6.2-8.9) and HIV prevalence was 0.1% (95% CI 0-0.3). Conclusions:The prevalence of HBV infection in this group of Mexican FSW is lower than previously reported in other countries. In addition, the frequency of HBsAg carriers is similar to that in the general Mexican population. The absence of two major risk factors for HBV transmission in this group of FSW-that is, injecting drug use and anal intercourse, could help to explain this finding. However, the positive association between anti-HBc and history of blood transfusion demonstrated here, highlights the need to reinforce strict control of blood supplies in Mexico. (Sex Transm Inf 1998;74:448-450)

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Randomized controlled pilot evaluated effect of conditional economic incentives (CEIs) on number of sex partners, condom use, and incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among male sex workers in Mexico City. Incentives were contingent on testing free of new curable STIs and/or clinic attendance. We assessed outcomes for n=227 participants at 6 and 12 months (during active phase with incentives), and then at 18 months (with incentives removed). We used intention-to-treat and inverse probability weighting. During active phase, CEIs increased clinic visits (10–13 percentage points) and increased condom use (10–15 percentage points) for CEI groups relative to controls. The effect on condom use was not sustained once CEIs were removed. CEIs did not have an effect on number of partners or incident STIs. Conditional incentives for male sex workers can increase clinical interaction and may reduce some HIV/STI risks such as condomless sex, while incentives are in place.

HPV is the sexually transmitted agent most common among young people, like college students. The aim of study was to associate sexual behavior characteristics of women with HPV, detected in genital samples taken before the introduction of the HPV vaccine. Female students during 2001-2005 donated genital samples and the samples were re-analyzed in 2013 for HPV genotyping by RT-PCR. The frozen storage of the students' genital samples allowed the detection of HPV DNA and its genotyping after years of sample collection. HPV prevalence was 22%, HPV16 3.9%, and HPV18 1.1%. Age, multiple sexual partners and the partner's age at first sexual intercourse were significantly associated to HPV. Students with ≥ 3 sexual partners and who did not use condom had 12.8 higher odds of being HPV positive. These results made possible the analysis of HPV prevalence changes, before HPV vaccine introduction.

The aim is to determine the prevalence of active infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) among Mexican women with high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) cervical infection, recruited from public gynecology and colposcopy services. In a cross‐sectional study, HSV‐2 antibodies, HSV‐2 DNA, and HR‐HPV DNA were quantified. Significant differences in HSV‐2 seroprevalence and HSV‐2 active infection rates were found between negative and positive HR‐HPV cases. HSV‐2 seroprevalence was 28.15% and 16.1% (P = .0001), while HSV‐2 active infection rates were 6.83% and 0.62% (P = .001) for positive and negative HR‐HPV groups, respectively. The risk of HSV‐2 seropositivity was 1.7 times greater for HR‐HPV‐positive cases (P = .02). Similarly, HR‐HPV‐positive cases were nine times more likely to have an HSV‐2 active infection than HR‐HPV‐negative cases (P = .03). High HSV‐2/h‐HPV coinfection rates were observed among women recruited from public gynecology and colposcopy services. The main factors related to an HSV‐2 active infection are a history of risky sexual behavior and HR‐HPV infection. The prevalence of HSV‐2 active infection among positive HR‐HPV subjects indicate that these infections constitute an important group of STIs in Mexico.

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