This article presents results from a research on the quality of Early Childhood Education in Brazil that was conducted in a collaborative effort between Fundação Carlos Chagas, the Ministry of Educations and the EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION -DAY NURSERIES -PREPRIMARY EDUCATION -QUALITATIVE EVALUATIONTowards the end of the twentieth century there had been major changes in education for the under-sevens in Brazil, both as to the expansion of the number of children attending school and as to the legal and institutional framework. There had been increased access to crèches and pre-school institutions for the under-sevens ever since the 1970s, driven both by social processes -urbanization, economic growth, social struggles, changes in women's role in society -and by public policies in the fields of education, social welfare, health and labor.New legal frameworks brought in by the Federal Constitution of 1988 reinforced and legitimized these processes. Municipalities were given the responsibility of providing this education with priority, which accelerated a trend that had been taking shape in the previous period.In turn, the new legislation showed that there were changes that needed to be encouraged and demanded of the educational systems, such as the need for higher education courses to train teachers for early childhood education, just as was demanded for primary school teachers.However, the major change brought in by the new legislation was undoubtedly the inclusion of crèches within the education sector, since early childhood education was now defined as the first stage of basic education, encompassing crèches for the 0-3 year-old age group, and pre-school for the 4 to 6-year-olds.Although it was not made mandatory, childhood education was defined as a right enjoyed by children and families, and the State was obliged to provide it in accordance with 3 demand. Municipal governments were thus under pressure, even from the judicial system, to increase the number of places for early childhood education. Access to educational institutions has grown steadily and significantly since 1998. According to the Applied Economic Research Institute (Instituto de Pesquisa EconômicaAplicada -IPEA, 2009), using data from the National Household Sampling Survey (Pesquisa Domiciliar por Amostra de Domicílio -PNAD), the rate of children attending crèches doubled from 1998 to 2008, reaching 18%, and pre school attendance among four to six-yearolds rose 40%, to 80%, including children enrolled in primary school. However, as the same report points out, this access to schooling is unequally shared among the population. 4The Mid-West, South and South-East regions of Brazil have a higher growth rate, among 0 to 3 year-olds, than the other regions, and virtually doubled their rates of attendance.All regions grew significantly in the 4 to 6-year-old age bracket.There is still a huge gap between urban and rural areas in early childhood education coverage, above all in the case of crèches, with no more than 7.2% coverage in rural areas.G...
BRAZILIAN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION QUALITY: SOME RESEARCHRESULTS. This paper discusses data obtained from a review of empirical studies on the quality of early childhood education in brazil published between 1996 and 2003.The sources were the main education journals published in the country and the papers presented at the most important scientific meeting of the area, The National Association of Graduate Studies and Research on Education (ANPEd) Annual Congress, Work Group on Education of 0-6 Year-Old Children (WG 7). The information gathered was selected according to main criteria for assessment of early childhood education quality as published in the literature: teacher education; curricula; infrastructure; educational practices, and relationships between schools and families. _____This study is the result of a review conducted for the Early Childhood Policy Review Project sponsored by UNESCO and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This project is part of a comparative diagnosis including three other countries: Kazakhstan, Kenya and Indonesia. 2The general picture of early childhood education systems described in this review suggests a dynamic but contradictory reality characterized by an enormous distance between existing legal frameworks and the real day-to-day situations confronted by the majority of children and adults in early childhood education institutions. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION -TEACHER EDUCATION -TEACHING QUALITY -RESEARCHDiscussions on the quality of education for 0-6 year-old children offered by early childhood education institutions were given impetus in the 1990s on the wake of political and legal changes brought about during the country's redemocratization.The late 1970s and the 1980s saw civil society mobilization demanding that the right to education be extended to young children: neighborhood and workers' union movements struggled for access to day care centers in big cities; professional groups and education experts mobilized to propose new regulations; local governments tried to meet the increasing demand by building and/or expanding municipal day care centers and preschools. From the perspective of grassroots movements, the struggle for day care centers was regarded as the right of working mothers to child care and education; other movements, including those advocating children and adolescent rights, struggled for day care for children of vulnerable, at-risk families (Campos, 1999).The quality of Brazilian early childhood education was no priority at all in this period: day care center system expansion was boosted mainly through government funding of nonprofit and/or community organizations that often operated in poor conditions; municipal preschools increased the number of enrollments often by expanding the number of children per classroom and/or daily school shifts. This is the case of the city of São Paulo, where Municipal Preschools (EMEIS) for children aged four to six offer three daily school shifts (from 7 to 11 AM; from 11 AM to 3 PM, and fro...
Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa cujos objetivos foram avaliar a qualidade da educação infantil (EI) em seis capitais brasileiras (estudo da qualidade), para, a seguir, identificar diferenças no desempenho escolar de crianças no início do ensino fundamental (EF) associadas à frequência de uma pré-escola de qualidade (estudo de impacto). O estudo de impacto utilizou os resultados do estudo da qualidade obtidos por meio da aplicação de escalas de avaliação da qualidade a uma amostra de pré-escolas de três capitais brasileiras, resultados estes que indicam um nível de qualidade comprometido na maioria das instituições avaliadas. A amostra do estudo de impacto foi constituída por 762 alunos de escolas públicas com notas na Provinha Brasil, dos quais 605 haviam frequentado uma pré-escola avaliada no estudo da qualidade e 157 crianças que não frequentaram a EI. Os dados foram analisados utilizando a análise multinível/hierárquica com classificação cruzada, que permite levar em conta, simultaneamente, o efeito de diversas variáveis explicativas (características dos alunos e de suas famílias; das escolas de EI e das escolas de EF) sobre os resultados da variável resposta (as notas dos alunos do segundo ano na Provinha Brasil). O estudo de impacto revela que a frequência à pré-escola de boa qualidade influi positivamente no desempenho dos alunos na Provinha Brasil. As análises indicam, também, que a idade da criança é um fator importante nos resultados apresentados nessa prova, assim como a escolaridade da mãe, a renda familiar e o Ideb da escola de EF.
Norberto Bobbio disse, em uma conferência proferida em 1964, que o problema fundamental em relação aos direitos do homem, hoje, não é tanto o de justificá-los, mas o de protegê-los. Trata-se de um problema não filosófico, mas político (Bobbio, 1992. p.24). Creio que podemos endossar suas palavras hoje, trinta anos depois, talvez com maior ênfase do que foram ditas na década de sessenta.Neste final de século, a preocupação com os direitos humanos, com o exercício da cidadania e com a garantia da democracia parece ganhar um novo destaque, como se a humanidade procurasse recuperar os velhos ideais da revolução francesa no momento em que o socialismo real retrocede em várias partes do mundo, as nações se estilhaçam em conflitos étnicos e religiosos e o capitalismo rompe com as regulações políticas e sociais estabelecidas no pós-guerra.Bobbio mostra como a formulação dos direitos do homem muda conforme mudam as condições históricas, as necessidades e interesses, as relações sociais e de poder, a ciência e a tecnologia e assim por diante. Sua análise considera que os chamados direitos naturais não existem enquanto critérios absolutos, mas são sempre interpretados pelos homens segundo determinados contextos sociais, culturais e políticos. A Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem inicia-se com a frase Todos os homens nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e direitos. No entanto, nem todos nascem livres ou iguais, como sabemos. A liberdade e a igualdade, como lembra Bobbio, são um ideal a perseguir e não um dado natural.Sua análise sobre a evolução da formulação dos direitos demonstra como nela incidem os desafios da história, com o impacto das guerras mundiais, dos processos de libertação dos povos colonizados, das revoluções comunistas, das tensões da guerra fria etc.Nesse desenvolvimento, ocorrem mudanças importantes nas concepções de direitos. Por exemplo, o direito à inviolabilidade da propriedade, tão importante nas declarações do século XVIII, recua diante dos direitos coletivos no final do século XIX e no século XX. Essa mudança reflete outras mais abrangentes, como o maior predomínio dos direitos sociais, que consistem em poderes e indicam obrigações positivas de outros, sobre os direitos individuais tradicionais, que consistem em liberdades e indicam obrigações negativas, ou seja, abstenção de determinados comportamentos (Bobbio, 1992. p.21).Evidentemente, essas mudanças ocorrem dentro de determinados contextos históri-cos, quando a valorização dos direitos sociais se sobrepõe a determinados direitos individuais, os quais perdem espaço em razão de um benefício comum que se deseja atingir. Uma mudança importante ocorre também a partir das duas guerras mundiais, quando se percebe que os direitos devem ser definidos em relação a toda a humanidade e não somente a uma nação em particular.Por outro lado, as primeiras declarações se referiam ao homem genérico ou, como queria Marx, ao burguês egoísta. A aplicação de princípios muito gerais a casos particulares nem sempre é evidente por si mesma. Olympe de Gouges perce...
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