A voltammetric sensor has been developed based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modification with nanocomposite consisting of manganese-based metal-organic framework (JUK-2), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for detection of citalopram (CIT). The composition and morphology of JUK-2-MWCNTs-AuNPs/GCE were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) indicated that the fabricated hybrid material exhibits the properties of mixed ion-electron conductor (MIEC). Using staircase voltammetry (SCV), under optimized conditions, the fabricated sensor shows a linear response in three CIT concentration ranges, 0.05–1.0, 1.0–10.0 and 15.0–115.0 μmol L−1, with a detection limit of 0.011 μmol L−1. The JUK-2-MWCNTs-AuNPs/GCE was successfully employed for the determination of CIT in pharmaceutical, environmental waters, and biological samples with satisfactory recoveries (98.6–104.8%).
Graphical abstract
This work proposes a simple and very sensitive method for electrochemical determination of citalopram by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using glassy carbon electrode. The cyclic voltammetry measurements proved that citalopram undergoes irreversible, adsorption-controlled, two-electron oxidation process, accompanied by the release of two protons. The influence of different measurement conditions, such as type and pH of supporting electrolyte solution, as well as DPV parameters was investigated. The glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibits fast linear response toward citalopram oxidation in concentration ranges of 0.05-10 μmol L −1 and 10-115 μmol L −1 with detection limit (LOD) of 0.036 μmol L −1 . The proposed method provides low detection limit, high accuracy and precision with good selectivity in comparison to previously reported methods. The applicability of developed method was tested by determination of citalopram in pharmaceuticals and spiked tap, river and waste water samples.
This paper presents a novel, high sensitive analytical method for electrochemical determination of viloxazine at boron-doped diamond electrode using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The verification of viloxazine electrochemical behavior proved that viloxazine undergoes diffusion controlled, one-electron irreversible oxidation process. Optimization stage allowed for selection of acetate buffer solution (pH 5; 0.1 mol dm −3) as the best suitable supporting electrolyte and determination of DPV parameters. The calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range 0.1-20.0 µmol dm −3 with the detection limit equal to 0.04 µmol dm −3 , respectively. The optimized procedure was validated by studying the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of obtained results. The proposed method was successfully employed for viloxazine determination in spiked tap and river water samples with recovery of 95.8-98.8%.
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