Selective and Highly Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Citalopram with Glassy Carbon Electrode

Abstract

This work proposes a simple and very sensitive method for electrochemical determination of citalopram by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using glassy carbon electrode. The cyclic voltammetry measurements proved that citalopram undergoes irreversible, adsorption-controlled, two-electron oxidation process, accompanied by the release of two protons. The influence of different measurement conditions, such as type and pH of supporting electrolyte solution, as well as DPV parameters was investigated. The glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibits fast linear response toward citalopram oxidation in concentration ranges of 0.05-10 μmol L −1 and 10-115 μmol L −1 with detection limit (LOD) of 0.036 μmol L −1 . The proposed method provides low detection limit, high accuracy and precision with good selectivity in comparison to previously reported methods. The applicability of developed method was tested by determination of citalopram in pharmaceuticals and spiked tap, river and waste water samples.

A voltammetric sensor based on mixed proton-electron conducting composite including metal-organic framework JUK-2 for determination of citalopram

“…Ammonia, ammonium chloride, and sodium acetate were obtained from Merck (Germany). The phosphate, acetate, and ammonium buffer solutions were prepared as described in [ 9 ]. Glucose (Micropharm, Poland), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, lactose, magnesium stearate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, starch, talc, titanium dioxide, and Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used for interference studies.…”

“…The stock solution with expected CIT concentration of 1.250 mmol L −1 for each commercial medicament was prepared according to the procedure described in previous work [ 9 ]. For determination of CIT, 40.0 μL of selected stock solution was added to 10 mL of 0.1 mol L −1 PBS pH 7, and then measurements were conducted according to the standard addition calibration method.…”

“…As a result, many analytical methods have been introduced to determine CIT in tablets, water, and biological samples, most notably chromatographic [ 7 ] and capillary electrophoretic [ 8 ]. Also, a few works based on voltammetric techniques have been reported for CIT determination using bulk glassy carbon electrode [ 9 ] or electrodes modified with carbon nanostructures, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as conducting polymers [ 10 – 13 ].…”

Functionalized SnO2 nanoparticles with gallic acid via green chemical approach for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of citalopram: synthesis, characterization and application to pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

“…Different analytical techniques were used to quantitatively determine CIT in aquatic samples. Among these methods are liquid chromatography (Sarıkaya et al 2021 ), gas chromatography (Behpour et al 2020 ), differential pulse voltammetry (Madej et al 2019 ), tandem mass spectrometry (Evans et al 2015 ) and capillary electrophoresis (Himmelsbach et al 2006 ). In order to avoid undesired accumulation of CIT in aquatic environments, different treatment methods were employed such as adsorption (Ek et al 2014 ; Guillossou et al 2019 ; Sharifabadi et al 2013 ), membrane bioreactor process (Arola et al 2017 ) and gamma radiation (Bojanowska-Czajka et al 2022 ).…”

Computational Modelling and Sustainable Synthesis of a Highly Selective Electrochemical MIP-Based Sensor for Citalopram Detection

“…On the other hand, their evident drawbacks, such as the need for complex and expensive instruments, the long analysis time, and the use of large volumes of toxic solvents have encouraged the scientific community to design new approaches for the detection of pharmaceuticals. While electrochemical methods have become an interesting alternative due to their simplicity, fast response, and low cost, only few studies based on these techniques have been reported to date for the determination of CTL [ 13 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”