Amazonia during the last glacialvan der Hammen, T.; Absy, M.L. Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. AbstractNew data on the vegetational history and Quaternary geology of Amazonia permit an improved reconstruction of past environments in Amazonia during the last glacial period. Although limited, data from Rondonia, Carajas and Guyana show that, in certain areas, savanna-type vegetation and savanna forest had replaced the rain forest during the late Pleniglacial (ca.
During strong El Niño events, rainfall anomalies and changes in wind patterns are observed in different regions of South America. Along the central Brazilian coast, during the 1983 El Niño year, the frontal systems were blocked to the south, provoking a reversal of the longshore sand transport. Long-duration reversals of longshore transport were also recorded in Holocene beach-ridge terraces from the Rio Doce coastal plain. This led to the formulation of a model relating these reversals of longshore transport to El Niño-like conditions. El Niño-like conditions are past average climate situations that generate the same perturbations as the strong El Niño events observed during the last decade. They are likely to correspond to the long-duration low phase of the Southern Oscillation. To confirm this hypothesis we compared the Holocene beach-ridge record with other palaeoenvironmental records from regions where strong El Niño events would have a substancial signal as well: (1) water-level fluctuations of Lake Titicaca, (2) a pollen and sediment record in an eastern Amazonian lake, (3) changes of the Rio Xingu discharge in eastern Amazonia, and (4) variations of sand supply at the Rio Piura and Rio Chira outlets in the Sechura Desert. The occurrences of El Niño-like conditions were numerous before 3900-3600 yr B.P., absent between 39003600 and 2800-2500 yr B.P., and infrequent after 2800-2500 yr B.P.
RESUMO -Quarenta e cinco parcelas de 0,15ha (10 X 150m) distribuídas nas savanas de Roraima foram analisadas quanto a fisionomia e sua relação com as características edáficas do solo superficial. Foram utilizadas medidas quantitativas de altura, frequência, área basal e densidade dos elementos lenhosos e medidas qualitativas de distribuição espacial e grau de cobertura arbustivo/arbóreo. As parcelas foram classificadas em quatro tipos fisionômicos (campo limpo, campo sujo, campos cerrados e savana parque) com características estruturais bem definidas. Foram encontradas 55 famílias, 137 gêneros e 267 espécies, sendo, 195 espécies herbáceas e 71 espécies lenhosas. Entre as lenhosas, 51% são arbóreas, 32% arbustivas e 17% subarbustivas. O estrato herbáceo é o mais rico em sua flora, com 41 famílias, 98 gêneros e 207 espécies. Porém, apenas 18 espécies foram encontradas em mais de 20% das parcelas. Oitenta por cento das parcelas classificadas como campos limpos foram encontradas sobre solos arenosos, 81% dos campos sujos sobre solos argilosos, 64% dos campos cerrados sobre solos arenosos e todas as savanas parques foram encontradas sobre solos de areia barrenta. Entretanto, os tipos fisionômicos não possuem relações significativas com a maioria dos nutrientes analisados; apenas os teores de Al +++ , na camada superficial (0-10cm de profundidade) foram significativamente diferentes entre os tipos fisionômicos. Essa diferença significativa deve-se principalmente às diferenças encontradas entre os teores de Al +++ dos campos limpos e campos sujos e entre os campos limpos e campos cerrados. Palavras-chaves:Fisionomias, Savanas, Roraima. Physiognomy of the Savannas of Roraima, BazilABSTRACT -Forty five plots of 0,15ha (10 X 150m) distributed in the savannas of Roraima were analysed for physiognomy and their relationship to the edaphic characteristics of the and qualitative measures of spatial distribution and % cover of tree/shrubs were used. The plots were classified in to four physiognomic types (grassland, tree and shrub savanna, woodland the levels of A1+++, in the surface layer (0-10cm depth), were significantly different among the physiognomic types. That significant difference was due mainly to the differences found between the levels of A1+++ of the grassland and tree and shrub savanna and between the grassland and woodland savannas.
RESUMOO recurso polínico coletado por operárias de Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, Melipona fulva Lepeletier, Trigona fulviventris (Smith) e Cephalotrigona femorata Guérin, no Campus da UFAM, Manaus (AM) foi estudado no período de março a outubro de 2001. Noventa tipos polínicos foram coletados pelas abelhas, distribuídos em 31 famílias, 67 gêneros e 10 formas Tipo. Trigona fulviventris diversificou mais suas coletas, utilizando 58 fontes no período. O tamanho do nicho polínico utilizado pelas abelhas ficou assim distribuído: T. fulviventris (58), M.s. merrillae (41), C. femorata (34) e M. fulva (25). Dos tipos determinados, os que mais contribuíram para a dieta das abelhas, apresentando as maiores freqüências nas amostras de pólen, foram Miconia myriantha (12,91%), Leucaena leucocephala (9,52%), Tapirira guianensis (6,53%), Eugenia stipitata (6,22%), Protium heptaphyllum (6,17%) e Vismia guianensis (5,93%). As abelhas de modo geral concentraram suas coletas em um número reduzido de espécies vegetais e com um grau diferenciado de uso para cada uma das fontes. Tipos polínicos com freqüência acima de 10% ocorreram em pequena proporção na maioria dos meses, sendo responsáveis por mais de 50% do total do pólen coletado em cada mês. A utilização das fontes de pólen variou conforme a espécie. T. fulviventris teve uma dieta mais ampla e diversificada, enquanto M. fulva foi a que menos diversificou suas coletas. T. fulviventris apresentou maior uniformidade no uso das fontes polínicas e a sobreposição de nichos polínicos foi maior entre M.s. merrillae e M. fulva e menor entre T. fulviventris e C. femorata.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: plantas, pólen, abelhas sem ferrão, Amazônia. Pollen resources collected by stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponinae) in a forest fragment in the Manaus region, Amazonas ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to characterize the resources used by Amazonian bees Melipona seminigra merrillae, Melipona fulva, Trigona fulviventris and Cephalotrigona femorata, in an urban Forest patch at Manaus city from March to October 2001. The pollen analysis determined 90 pollen types, distributed in 31 families, 67 genera and 10 palynologycal types unidentified. Trigona fulviventris was the bee species that presented the most diversified pollen types, using 58 sources in that period. The size of pollen types used were distributed as follows: T. fulviventris (58), M.s. merrilae (41), C. femorata (34) and M. fulva (25). Plant species contributing the most for the diet of the bees and presenting the highest frequencies on the pollen samples were Miconia myriantha (12,91%), Leucaena leucocephalla (9,52%), Tapirira guianensis (6,53%), Eugenia stipitata (6,22%), Protium heptaphyllum (6,17%) and Vismia guianensis (5,93%). Generally the bees concentrated their collections on a reduced number of plant species and with a differentiated degree of use for each source. Pollen types with frequency above 10% occurred in a small proportion for most months, being responsible for more than 50% of all the pollen collected every month...
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