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Landscape dynamics result from forestry and farming practices, both of which are expected to have diverse impacts on ecosystem services (ES). In this study, we investigated this general statement for regulating and supporting services via an assessment of ecosystem functions: climate regulation via carbon sequestration in soil and plant biomass, water cycle and soil erosion regulation via water infiltration in soil, and support for primary production via soil chemical quality and water storage. We tested the hypothesis that patterns of land-cover composition and structure significantly alter ES metrics at two different scales. We surveyed 54 farms in two Amazonian regions of Brazil and Colombia and assessed land-cover composition and structure from remote sensing data (farm scale) from 1990 to 2007. Simple and well-established methods were used to characterize soil and vegetation from five points in each farm (plot scale). Most ES metrics were significantly correlated with land-use (plot scale) and land-cover (farm scale) classifications; however, spatial variability in inherent soil properties, alone or in interaction with land-use or land-cover changes, contributed greatly to variability in ES metrics. Carbon stock in above-ground plant biomass and water infiltration rate decreased from forest to pasture land covers, whereas soil chemical quality and plant-available water storage capacity increased. Land-cover classifications based on structure metrics explained significantly less ES metric variation than those based on composition metrics. Land-cover composition dynamics explained 45 % (P < 0.001) of ES metric variance, 15 % by itself and 30 % in interaction with inherent soil properties. This study describes how ES evolve with landscape changes, specifying the contribution of spatial variability in the physical environment and highlighting trade-offs and synergies among ES. (Résumé d'auteur

RESUMO -Quarenta e cinco parcelas de 0,15ha (10 X 150m) distribuídas nas savanas de Roraima foram analisadas quanto a fisionomia e sua relação com as características edáficas do solo superficial. Foram utilizadas medidas quantitativas de altura, frequência, área basal e densidade dos elementos lenhosos e medidas qualitativas de distribuição espacial e grau de cobertura arbustivo/arbóreo. As parcelas foram classificadas em quatro tipos fisionômicos (campo limpo, campo sujo, campos cerrados e savana parque) com características estruturais bem definidas. Foram encontradas 55 famílias, 137 gêneros e 267 espécies, sendo, 195 espécies herbáceas e 71 espécies lenhosas. Entre as lenhosas, 51% são arbóreas, 32% arbustivas e 17% subarbustivas. O estrato herbáceo é o mais rico em sua flora, com 41 famílias, 98 gêneros e 207 espécies. Porém, apenas 18 espécies foram encontradas em mais de 20% das parcelas. Oitenta por cento das parcelas classificadas como campos limpos foram encontradas sobre solos arenosos, 81% dos campos sujos sobre solos argilosos, 64% dos campos cerrados sobre solos arenosos e todas as savanas parques foram encontradas sobre solos de areia barrenta. Entretanto, os tipos fisionômicos não possuem relações significativas com a maioria dos nutrientes analisados; apenas os teores de Al +++ , na camada superficial (0-10cm de profundidade) foram significativamente diferentes entre os tipos fisionômicos. Essa diferença significativa deve-se principalmente às diferenças encontradas entre os teores de Al +++ dos campos limpos e campos sujos e entre os campos limpos e campos cerrados. Palavras-chaves:Fisionomias, Savanas, Roraima. Physiognomy of the Savannas of Roraima, BazilABSTRACT -Forty five plots of 0,15ha (10 X 150m) distributed in the savannas of Roraima were analysed for physiognomy and their relationship to the edaphic characteristics of the and qualitative measures of spatial distribution and % cover of tree/shrubs were used. The plots were classified in to four physiognomic types (grassland, tree and shrub savanna, woodland the levels of A1+++, in the surface layer (0-10cm depth), were significantly different among the physiognomic types. That significant difference was due mainly to the differences found between the levels of A1+++ of the grassland and tree and shrub savanna and between the grassland and woodland savannas.

RESUMOO recurso polínico coletado por operárias de Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, Melipona fulva Lepeletier, Trigona fulviventris (Smith) e Cephalotrigona femorata Guérin, no Campus da UFAM, Manaus (AM) foi estudado no período de março a outubro de 2001. Noventa tipos polínicos foram coletados pelas abelhas, distribuídos em 31 famílias, 67 gêneros e 10 formas Tipo. Trigona fulviventris diversificou mais suas coletas, utilizando 58 fontes no período. O tamanho do nicho polínico utilizado pelas abelhas ficou assim distribuído: T. fulviventris (58), M.s. merrillae (41), C. femorata (34) e M. fulva (25). Dos tipos determinados, os que mais contribuíram para a dieta das abelhas, apresentando as maiores freqüências nas amostras de pólen, foram Miconia myriantha (12,91%), Leucaena leucocephala (9,52%), Tapirira guianensis (6,53%), Eugenia stipitata (6,22%), Protium heptaphyllum (6,17%) e Vismia guianensis (5,93%). As abelhas de modo geral concentraram suas coletas em um número reduzido de espécies vegetais e com um grau diferenciado de uso para cada uma das fontes. Tipos polínicos com freqüência acima de 10% ocorreram em pequena proporção na maioria dos meses, sendo responsáveis por mais de 50% do total do pólen coletado em cada mês. A utilização das fontes de pólen variou conforme a espécie. T. fulviventris teve uma dieta mais ampla e diversificada, enquanto M. fulva foi a que menos diversificou suas coletas. T. fulviventris apresentou maior uniformidade no uso das fontes polínicas e a sobreposição de nichos polínicos foi maior entre M.s. merrillae e M. fulva e menor entre T. fulviventris e C. femorata.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: plantas, pólen, abelhas sem ferrão, Amazônia. Pollen resources collected by stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponinae) in a forest fragment in the Manaus region, Amazonas ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to characterize the resources used by Amazonian bees Melipona seminigra merrillae, Melipona fulva, Trigona fulviventris and Cephalotrigona femorata, in an urban Forest patch at Manaus city from March to October 2001. The pollen analysis determined 90 pollen types, distributed in 31 families, 67 genera and 10 palynologycal types unidentified. Trigona fulviventris was the bee species that presented the most diversified pollen types, using 58 sources in that period. The size of pollen types used were distributed as follows: T. fulviventris (58), M.s. merrilae (41), C. femorata (34) and M. fulva (25). Plant species contributing the most for the diet of the bees and presenting the highest frequencies on the pollen samples were Miconia myriantha (12,91%), Leucaena leucocephalla (9,52%), Tapirira guianensis (6,53%), Eugenia stipitata (6,22%), Protium heptaphyllum (6,17%) and Vismia guianensis (5,93%). Generally the bees concentrated their collections on a reduced number of plant species and with a differentiated degree of use for each source. Pollen types with frequency above 10% occurred in a small proportion for most months, being responsible for more than 50% of all the pollen collected every month...

Summary Fine root dynamics is widely recognized as an important biogeochemical process, but there are few data on fine root growth and its response to soil resource availability, especially for tropical forests. We evaluated the response of fine root dynamics to altered availability of soil water and nutrients in a 20‐yr‐old forest regrowth in eastern Amazonia. In one experiment the dry season reduction in soil moisture was alleviated by irrigation. In the other experiment, nutrient supply was reduced by litter removal. We used the ingrowth core technique to measure fine root mass growth, length growth, mortality and specific root length. Dry‐season irrigation had no significant effect on mass and length of live and dead roots, whereas litter removal reduced mass and length of live roots. For both irrigation and litter removal experiments, root growth was significantly greater in the dry season than in the wet season. Increased root growth was associated with decreased soil water availability. However, root growth did not increase in response to nutrient reduction in litter removal plots. Overall, our results suggest that belowground allocation may differ according to the type of soil resource limitation.

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When the Amazonian rain forest is cut to create pasture, some of the original vegetal species survive clearing, even expressing their ability to invade agro-systems. It is true of the babassu palm, which can be considered, paradoxically, a natural resource by the "Interstate Movement of Babassu Fruit Breaker Women" or as native weed by land owners-farmers. To manage potential conflict of land uses, we study here the current density of this palm tree in different habitats, based on a combination of field data and remote sensing data. Firstly, we checked that the field survey methodology (i.e., counting free-trunk palm trees over 20 cm in circumference) provides density values compatible with those stemming from satellite images interpretation. We can see then that, a PA-Benfica Brazilian territory revealed an average density of the babassu lower in pastures (2.86 ind/ha) than in the dense forest (4.72 ind/ha) from which they originate and than in fallow land (4.31 ind/ha). We analyze in detail density data repartition in three habitats and we discuss results from the literature on the density of this palm tree versus its resilience at different developmental stages after forest clearing, depending on anthropogenic-or not-factors, including solar radiation, fire, weeding, clear cutting, burying fruit, and competition with forage grass. All these results can be exploited for the design of future management plans for the babassu palm and we think that the linked methodology and interdisciplinary approach can be extended to others palms and trees species in similar problematic issues.