Over the past 20 years or so, the southern European model has undergone substantial change in every way. The changes in industrial relations, wage-setting and employment protection legislation have tended to increase wage and labour flexibility and restrict labour market segmentation. Changes within the welfare state have sought to improve labour force skills, fill gaps in social protection, reduce inequalities in social security and contain social expenditure growth. Yet institutional change has not eliminated the main features of this model: pronounced labour market segmentation and familialism; however, extremely low fertility rates are indicative of the limits of familialism in the near future.T he term "social model" is applied to a mode of social reproduction specific to a national, cross-national or regional context over a given period, in this case southern Europe. This article will examine the employment and the welfare regimes of this model. First, how industrial relations and skills development are organized, wages determined and employment regulated and, second, the roles played by the State, the market and the family in the production and distribution of welfare.In this article it is argued that Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain possess the same or similar mode(s) of social reproduction and together represent a south European social model different from that in other European countries. This argument, which was originally developed in the first half of the 1990s within the framework of comparative socio-economic research, holds at a certain level of abstraction yet is not irrefutable given significant differences between the countries in the group. The literature supporting it emphasizes the common characteristics of the welfare state, the family and labour market * Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens. Email: mkarames@panteion. gr. With acknowledgements and thanks to Lydia Fraile, Paola Villa, Maria do Pilar Gonzales, Josep Banyuls, Annamaria Simonazzi and the anonymous reviewers of this article for their comments.Responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles rests solely with their authors and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the ILO.
Rounded atelectasis of the lung (RA) is a lesion well described in the medical literature, yet often very difficult to diagnose. In recent years, the widespread use of high-resolution imaging modalities employed in the struggle against cancer, coinciding with the peak of the asbestos epidemic, have boosted the detection frequency of RA. However, its differential diagnosis still poses a challenge to the pulmonary specialist and the radiologist, as little is known about its pathogenesis. Furthermore, the multifactorial etiology of RA and its occasional coexistence with lung cancer make the task of confidently ruling out malignancy sometimes daunting. This article attempts to provide an update on RA's etiology, radiological evaluation, clinical management, and prognosis based on recent advances in broadly available diagnostic modalities and minimally invasive interventional procedures. An exemplary case of post-tuberculous RA is illustrated, as RA often presents as an unusual finding of a fairly common disease.
Current similarities among the four southern European EU Member States-Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain-with respect not only to labour market characteristics but also to the institutional arrangements that influence labour supply, utilisation and demand corroborate the concept of a distinctive southern European employment model. Its origins go back to common features in the pattern of socio-economic development and the political history of these countries. In the past 20 years or so, national differences in the pace and content of institutional change have increased diversity within the model and eroded some of its components. They have not, however, destroyed its unity and distinctiveness.
Th e sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone and increased pressures for 'structural reform' have led to a period of intensive change in labour market policy in Southern Europe. Examining the cases of Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy, this article focuses on the security of labour market insiders, a key group in labour markets that is highly segmented. Th e security of labour market insiders is conceptualised as consisting of security in employment (protection against dismissals) and security in unemployment (protection against drops in income provided by unemployment insurance and assistance). Using changes in national laws, the article charts and compares labour market change along these two dimensions across these four Southern European countries. Because labour
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