The educational integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has been put to the test because of the need to implement «emergency remote education» as a result of COVID-19. Within this context of uncertainty («viral modernity»), flexible education is an option to promote a more just, equitable, accessible and creative educational system. In order to properly interpret the effects of this unique educational circumstance, it is essential to study the previous situation in terms of the use of digital technologies in teaching practices. The objective of the study is to describe the educational integration of ICT and the teacher education model to obtain evidence that contributes to understanding the phenomenon. To this end, a questionnaire consisting of two self-reporting tools and a scale on the description of teaching practice with ICT was applied. The sample is made up of teachers from public primary and secondary schools (N = 251). Data collection was carried out in the months prior to the closure of schools due to the Covid-19 pandemic. A univariate analysis of the variables and contrast tests of non-parametric hypotheses was carried out, along with calculation of the reliability and construction validity of the measuring instruments. The results reveal the most frequent types of teaching practice with ICT and the spaces where digital technologies are commonly used. Various weaknesses can be identified in digital competence among teachers, as well as in the initial/continuing training model, which contribute to the understanding of the difficulties encountered during "emergency remote education". Participation in ICT didactic innovation projects and the performance of ICT Coordination are associated with more experiential training. Flexible education requires a redefinition of the teacher training model that encourages learning anywhere, anytime.

To contain the COVID-19 pandemic, governments all over the world implemented strong lockdown measures to a large part of the population, including the closing of educational centres. Teachers were urged to transform their teaching methodology, moving from a face-to-face model to an emergency remote education (ERE) model, characterised by the use of technologies to continue with lectures and maintain the physical distance with the students. The aim of the present study was to analyse the existence of socio-digital inequalities and the educational challenges posed by the development of an ERE model, hence, contributing to the literature by proposing a systematic and holistic approach on this phenomenon. Based on the characteristics of the research problem and the objectives set, a qualitative methodology was applied. On the one hand, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 136 active teachers as the main data gathering technique. On the other hand, grounded theory was key in interpreting the results, with the aim of generating the theory in a systematic and holistic manner. It can be asserted that ERE was very useful during the lockdown of schools, and its potential to transform education was demonstrated. However, it was also shown that the development of an ERE model can cause socio-digital inequalities among students, due to the lack of access to digital devices and Internet connection, mainly due to factors, such as the socio-educational level of the family and the rural or urban context of the centre.

Educational governmental institutions have recommended implementing blended learning in higher education to respond to the “new educational normality” caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, although this is not a new challenge. Over the last few decades, higher education institutions have tried to incorporate the use of technological devices to university teaching, by redesigning and optimizing the learning experiences through a mixed teaching model. In this context, the Flipped Classroom (FC) model is one of the pedagogical models that is revolutionizing the scope of education. However, there is still not enough evidence of its advantages and disadvantages in the university stage. Therefore, it is important to analyze the impact of the FC on the learning, satisfaction and interaction of the different agents of the university community. Due to the idiosyncrasy of the present study, an exclusively qualitative and longitudinal methodology was selected; thus, 266 interviews based on open questions were conducted throughout the last five years. The results show that students value the FC model positively and corroborate its great potential from academic, competence, personal and social perspectives. Nevertheless, a small group of students are still very critical about the model and would prefer to keep using a traditional methodology, mainly due to the lack of habit using active methodologies and establishing the learning commitment required by such methodologies.

Resumen: Debido a la influencia de las tecnologías, es imprescindible la adquisición de competencias digitales y mediáticas, especialmente en el profesorado. El Flipped Classroom es uno de los modelos pedagógicos que están revolucionando el ámbito educativo. Sin embargo, aún no existen estudios respecto a la adquisición de estas competencias. Así pues, con el presente trabajo de investigación se pretende analizar la percepción y valoración de los futuros docenes que ha experimentado Flipped Classroom para conocer cuál es su efecto en la adquisición de la "Competencia Digital Docente" (CDD). Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una metodología cualitativa basada en Estudio de Caso tomando como unidad de análisis una materia del doble grado de Educación Infantil y Primaria. Como instrumento de recogida de información se optó por entrevistas, y para análisis de los datos obtenidos el método de comparación constante de la Teoría Fundamentada (GroundedTheory). Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes de grado perciben que el modelo de Flipped Classroom influye de manera positiva en la adquisición de algunas CDD, como: interpretar información audiovisual, creación y difusión de contenidos digitales, análisis crítico de uso de las TIC, estrategias didácticas para utilizar las tecnologías en el aula, entre otras. Los aspectos más valorados en el diseño metodológico del modelo en la promoción de dichas competencias son: el material audiovisual sobre el contenido, las actividades prácticas desarrolladas, el trabajo en equipo y la ayuda directa del docente en el aula. Palabras clave: Flipped Classroom, alfabetización tecnológica, competencias docente, experiencia educativa, educación superior. Abstract: Nowadays due to the technologies influence is essential the acquisition of digital and media literacy, specifically for teachers during the teacher training period. The Flipped Classroom is one of the pedagogical models that are revolutionizing the field of education. The current research paper tries to analyse the perception of the students who used Flipped Classroom in this experience and how is their effect on the acquisition of digital and media literacy. Due to the characteristics and size of the students group we decided to use a qualitative methodology based on studies of case taking as a unit of analysis a matter of the teacher training double degree. As an instrument for collecting information we opted for Grounded Theory method directed based on questions with open answers, and for analysis of the data obtained. The results show that the Flipped Classroom model influences positively on the digital and media literacy grade as students: interpreting audiovisual information, creating and disseminating digital content, criticizing and analyzing the use of ICT, teaching strategies to use technology in the classroom, among others. The most valued aspects in the methodological design of the model in the promotion of these skills are: the audiovisual material about the content, the practical activities developed teamwork and...

<p>Actualmente, el “Flipped Classroom” es uno de los modelos pedagógicos que están revolucionando el ámbito educativo, y puede que sea una palanca de cambio en la educación superior. Sin embargo, aún no existen suficientes evidencias de sus ventajas e inconvenientes en esta etapa educativa. Es por ello que con el presente trabajo de investigación se pretende analizar la percepción y valoración que hace el alumnado que ha experimentado Flipped Classroom y cuál es su efecto en el aprendizaje. Debido a las características del fenómeno objeto de estudio se decidió utilizar una metodología cualitativa basada en Estudios de Casos tomando como unidad de análisis una materia de la titulación de grado en Educación infantil y primaria. Como instrumento de recogida de información se optó por entrevistas dirigida basada en preguntas con respuestas abiertas.<em> </em></p><p><em>Los resultados evidencian que no hay un acuerdo en el alumnado respecto al Flipped Classroom. Por un lado, se encuentran estudiantes que valoran positivamente el modelo y que valoran las posibilidades educativas que tiene realizar las actividades prácticas en el aula, y trabajar de forma colaborativa. Y por otro, están un grupo de estudiantes muy críticos con el modelo y que prefieren seguir utilizando una metodología tradicional, debido principalmente a la falta de costumbre de utilizar metodologías activas y establecer el compromiso de aprendizaje que estas exigen. Las principales propuestas de mejora del diseño metodológico, esencialmente, son fruto principalmente de esta circunstancia. </em></p>