The aim of this study was to analyse the reproductive biology of Echinopsis terscheckii, a species endemic to northwest Argentina that has nocturnal flowers. We expected that this species had a generalised pollination system, with moths and diurnal visitors as the primary pollinators. To test this, we studied the floral biology, breeding system and floral visitors of this species and the effectiveness of nocturnal and diurnal visitors. Floral biology was defined based on floral morphology, floral cycle and nectar production of the flowers. The breeding system and relative contributions of diurnal and nocturnal visitors to fruit and seed set were analysed through field experiments. E. terscheckii flowers opened at sunset and closed the following day. The peak of nectar production occurred at midnight. Flowers were determined to be self-incompatible. Moths, bees and birds were identified as floral visitors. Moths were the most frequent visitors at night, whereas bees were the most frequent visitors during the day. Fruit production by diurnal pollinators was less than that by nocturnal pollinators; among all floral visitors, moths were the most effective pollinators. We have demonstrated for the first time that moths are the primary pollinators of columnar cacti of the genus Echinopsis. Our results suggest that moths might be important pollinators of columnar cactus species with nocturnal flowers in the extra-tropical deserts of South America.
RESUMENCon el objeto de controlar el ataque de Thrips tabaci Lind sobre el cultivo de ajo (Allium sativum L.) se ha evaluado el efecto de tres productos biodegradables diluidos en agua: i) 0,25% de aceite emulsionable; ii) 0,50% de aceite emulsionable; iii) 0,25% de detergente líquido comercial y iv) testigo, aplicados sobre plantas sembradas en campo. La respuesta a los tratamientos se midió contabilizando el número de larvas y adultos de T. tabaci en dos etapas fisiológicas (crecimiento vegetativo y bulbificación) y se registraron las condiciones de amplitud térmica para relacionar los efectos ambientales sobre el crecimiento de las poblaciones de T. tabaci. El diseño estadístico correspondió a un diseño completamente aleatorizado x 3 y su análisis (ANOVA y prueba de Student-Neuman-Keul's) revela que hubo efecto significativo de los tratamientos, habiendo eliminando el 44,3% de larvas y 42% de adultos trips. Se recomienda utilizar, para las condiciones locales, solución de detergente al 0,25% en volumen como parte de una estrategia preventiva para control de T. tabaci sobre el cultivo de ajo.Palabras clave: Productos biodegradables, Thrips tabaci, Allium sativum.
ABSTRACT
In order to control the Thrips tabaci Lind attack on garlic cultivation (Allium sativum L.) we assayed the effect of three biodegradable products: i) oil (0.25%); ii) oil (0.50%); iii) detergent (0.25%) and iv) control, all of them diluted in water and
A key is provided to 27 species of Frankliniella recorded from Argentina and Chile. Two new species are described from Argentina: Frankliniella inesae sp. n. from Baccharis [Asteraceae] and Frankliniella juancarlosi sp. n. from Junellia [Verbenaceae]. Two species are newly recorded from Argentina: Frankliniella condei John and Frankliniella longipennis (Moulton). Pore plates on sternite III of females and a vestigial craspedum on tergite VII are used as diagnostic characters.
Morphology of the immature stages and biology of Cactoblastis doddi (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Prepuna in Jujuy (Northwestern Argentina). In argentinian Northwestern five species or biotypes of the genus Cactoblastis Ragonot are recognized on cacti: C. cactorum (Berg), C. Bucyrus Dyar, C. mundelli Heinrich, C. doddi Heinrich and C. ronnai (Brèthes). Cactoblastis doddi feeds on Opuntia sulphurea, a native cactus. The objectives of this study were to morphologically characterize immature stages of C. doddi and to know bioecological aspects (duration of the development, distribution, larval parasitoids) to understand the insect-plant interaction. Sampling were conducted at seven sites located at different altitudes (2 100-3 100 meters) in Jujuy's prepuna, Argentina. Each sample consisted of five infested cladodes of O. sulphurea in each site. In the laboratory, lepidopteran breeding was performed under the following conditions: temperature 23 ± 3°C, relative humidity 69 ± 11 % and photoperiod of 12 hours light-12 hours dark. Under previous conditions, Cactoblastis doddi had two generations: a long one in winter (> 258 days) and a short one in summer (147 days), both with seven larval instars. Each immature stage and instars were morphologically characterized. Two larval parasitoids were detected Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez y Berta, and Habrobracon sp.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.