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A set of 34 quinoa populations from the Northwest Argentina region was characterised using quantitative and qualitative phenotypic traits in an experiment conducted in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. A selection of quinoa descriptors from the Bioversity International (former IBPGR) list was applied, and data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate techniques. Morphological and phenological traits variation was observed among accessions collected in contrasted ecogeographic zones of this Andean region. On the basis of quantitative traits, both the principal component analysis and the Cluster Analysis differentiated between accessions from the highlands, transition zone, central dry valleys and eastern valleys. On the other hand, the principal coordinates analysis based on qualitative traits only discriminated accessions from transition zone and eastern valleys. The correlation between both characterisations was fairly low suggesting that individual characterisations offer information that can be complementary. The accessions from the highlands and dry valleys presented the more advanced domesticated traits, while accessions from transition zone and eastern valleys showed traits more similar to wild-type related Chenopods from the Andean region. These differences are discussed on the basis of previous hypotheses about the domestication and crop diffusion processes from the southern Andes suggested for this species.

The height records of 48,589 conscripts born in Jujuy between 1870 and 1960 were examined in order to study the variation in adult male height (AMH) in terms of geographical altitude and surnames. Data were clustered by origin of surnames (divided into native and foreign names), decades, and according to the four Jujenean geographical regions distributed along an altitudinal gradient (Puna, Quebrada, Valle, and Ramal). The variation of surnames, geographical altitude, and time on human height were examined by analysis of variance. Regardless of the drafting year, individuals in the four regions bearing foreign surnames proved significantly taller (P < 0.001) than those who had a native surname. Average height, regardless of ethnic group, presented a reverse relationship to geographical altitude. A higher AMH was found in individuals bearing foreign surnames in Jujuy and lower ones in the population located in the highlands and bearing native surnames. Interregional and intergroup AMH variations would be affected by the complex interaction between geographical altitude and factors associated to it and by the ethnic characteristics of these population as well.

Landraces of the Solanum tuberosum Andigenum group are abundant and diverse. They are a valuable genetic resource possessing resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. In the Andean region, populations of the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans became specialized to infect native potatoes, being one of the major limiting factors affecting this crop. A better understanding of the host plant-parasite interactions is important in order to select tolerant or resistant plants to be included in management programs. Despite the close of association of N. aberrans with potato, and the great diversity of the S. tuberosum Andigenum group, few histopathological studies have been conducted. The aim of this work was to analyze histological alterations induced by different Argentine populations of the nematode in naturally infested roots of four Andean potato varieties (Collareja, Negra Imilla, Ojo de Señorita and Colorada). All the varieties showed hyperplastic tissue in the central zone of galls, where syncytia developed in close association with the nematode female. Syncytia were composed of modified hyperplastic tissue and parenchyma xylem cells. The results showed differences among varieties in their response to nematode populations, with Ojo de Señorita and Negra Imilla being the most susceptible ones. This study is the first describing histopathological alterations induced by N. aberrans in susceptible Andean potato landraces.Keywords: Argentina, histopathological alterations, plant-parasitic nematode, potato, syncytia. Histopatologia de variedades de batata andina (Solanum tuberosum grupo Andigenum) parasitadas pelo falso nematóide das galhas, Nacobbus aberrans ResumoAs variedades de Solanum tuberosum grupo Andigenum são abundantes e diversas, além de serem uma fonte importante de recursos genéticos antea resistência de pragas, doenças e estresse ambiental. Na região andina, populações de Nacobbus aberrans se especializaram em parasitar batatas nativas e representam o principal fator limitante que afeta a produção desse cultivo. Um melhor entendimento da interação hospedeiro-parasita é importante para a seleção de plantas tolerantes ou resistentes a serem incluídas nos programas de manejo. Apesar da íntima associação de N. aberrans com a batata e a grande diversidade de S. tuberosum grupo Andigenum, os estudos histopatológicos desenvolvidos são limitados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as alterações histológicas de raízes de quatro variedades de batata andina (Collareja, Negra Imilla, Ojo de Señorita e Colorada) parasitadas naturalmente por distintas populações argentinas do nematóide. Em todas as variedades se observou tecido hiperplásico na zona central das galhas onde, também, se desenvolveram os sincícios em íntima relação com as fêmeas do nematóide. Os sincícios estavam constituídos por tecido hiperplásico modificado e por células parenquimáticas do xilema. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre as variedades de batata frente às populações do nematóide, sendo Ojo de ...