The objective of this study was to identify the species of pollen supplying plants that constitute the trophic niche of Melipona mandacaia in an urban area in the Caatinga domain (a tropical arid landscape). The collection of pollen in the colonies was carried out every 15 days, from October 2014 to September 2015. The pollen was removed directly from the storage pots in three distinct colonies. A total of 24 samples were analyzed and compared with the reference pollen collection, pollen catalogs and specialized literature. For the quantitative analysis, at least 1000 pollen grains per sample were identified. A total of 39 pollen types were identified, distributed in 17 botanical families, being one an indeterminate type. The most represented family was the Fabaceae (n = 16). The most frequent types were Leucaena leucocephala, Mimosa pudica and Melochia sp. There was a significant positive correlation between temperature and the number of pollen types throughout the study. Relative humidity and rainfall were abiotic variables that did not present a significant correlation. The rarefaction curve showed that probably most of the pollen types collected by the bees studied were sampled, since the accumulation curve showed a progressive tendency to stabilization, indicating that there was sample adequacy of the pollen types. The analysis of similarity revealed a high sharing of pollen sources between colonies.
The article aims to characterize the transformations that have occurred in family agriculture by examining the social, economic and political aspects in the semi-arid region of Bahia. It has as its central axis the statement that the rural world remains an important category for the analysis of relations among social classes. For this purpose, a bibliographic review was carried out on the subject, as well as the legal frameworks that legitimize the insertion of family agriculture. This study opted for the adoption of the dialectical materialism method, since the semi-arid region is part of a set that materializes in social, economic and political relations, influencing and receiving influence from the environment. Moreover, based on data from the 2017 Agricultural Census, a quantitative analysis was made by comparing establishments belonging to the family and non-family agriculture categories. Finally, it is believed that this study may contribute to understanding the characteristics of family agriculture and encourage seeking actions and public policies that consider the peculiarities of the farmers' way of life.
The use of shading screens of different colors can change the spectral quality of radiation and, as a consequence, the growth and production of crop plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate aspects of the growth, yield, and quality of floral stems of Heliconia psittacorum × H. spathocircinata 'Golden Torch' grown under different light conditions. The treatments consisted of four conditions: blue photoconversion screens (35%-40%); red photoconversion screens (18%-21%); black shading screens (45%-49%), and full sunlight. The experiment consisted of two parts. In the first, growth was assessed, whereas in the second, aspects related to the production and quality of floral stems were examined. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with split plots in time. Each plot contained six blocks, with 11 replications per block, giving a total of 66 pots per plot. The evaluations were performed at 30-day intervals over a 6-month period. In the analysis of growth, red screens contributed to the growth of the plants, increasing the number of shoots and leaves, and also plant height. The productivity and quality of floral stems was, however, highest in plants grown under blue and black screens. It can be concluded that, under the prevailing experimental conditions, the use of blue screens (35%-40%) and black screens (45%-49%) is suitable for production of the floral stems of 'Golden Torch' heliconia. Key words: Heliconia psittacorum × H. spathocircinata 'Golden Torch'. Photoconversion screen. Ornamental plant. ResumoO uso de malhas de sombreamento de diferentes cores pode alterar a qualidade espectral da radiação e, como consequência, o crescimento e a produção de uma cultura vegetal. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar aspectos do crescimento, produção e qualidade das hastes florais de Heliconia psittacorum x H. spathocircinata 'Golden Torch' cultivadas sob diferentes condições de luminosidade. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro ambientes: malha fotoconversora azul (35-40%); malha fotoconversora vermelha (18-21%); malha de sombreamento preta (45-49%) e pleno sol. O experimento constou de duas partes: na primeira realizaram-se avaliações de crescimento e na segunda, foram estudados aspectos relacionados à produção e qualidade das hastes florais. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo seis blocos por parcela, cada bloco com onze repetições, totalizando sessenta e seis vasos por parcela. As avaliações foram realizadas durante seis meses, com intervalos de trinta dias. Nas análises de crescimento observou-se que a malha vermelha contribuiu com o crescimento das plantas, incrementando o número de perfilhos, folhas e altura das plantas. A produtividade e a qualidade das hastes florais foi superior em plantas cultivadas sob tela azul e preta. Conclui-se que, nas condições experimentais estabelecidas, o uso das malhas azul (35-40%) e preta (45-
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