The objective of this work was to compare the contents of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), and total soluble phenols and flavonoids in parts of plants grown under either organic or conventional cropping, commonly discarded during food preparation. The contents of free polyamines, total phenols and total soluble flavonoids in peels (zucchini squash, banana, potato, eggplant, orange, lime, mango, passion fruit and radish), leaves (zucchini squash, broccoli, carrot, collard, cassava, radish and grape), stalks (broccoli, collard and spinach) and zucchini seeds were analysed. Most analysed vegetables presented higher contents of polyamines and total phenols under organic cropping, contrary to the results obtained for total flavonoids, possibly because of the cultural practices adopted.

ABSTRACT

Strobilurins are fungicides with beneficial physiological effects on crop yield due to promotion of net carbon assimilation, nitrate reductase enzyme activity, stress tolerance and hormonal balance. The carboxamides complement the action of the strobilurins when applied alternately or together. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of application of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and boscalid on grafted and ungrafted Japanese cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in order to analyze the effects of these fungicides on plant physiology and increased fruit production. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with grafted and ungrafted cucumber plants and 5 fungicide treatments: control; azoxystrobin 60 g a.i ha −1 ; boscalid 50 g a.i ha −1 ; pyraclostrobin 50 g a.i ha −1 ; and boscalid 100 g a.i ha −1 + pyraclostrobin 50 g a.i ha −1 , applied 18 days after transplanting and then at intervals of seven days. The effect of the treatments was evaluated based on the average yield and fruit mass, in addition to observations of gas exchange, lipid peroxidation, and the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and nitrate reductase. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the fungicide treatments resulted in different responses between the grafted and ungrafted plants. The physiological benefits were more evident in the grafted plants treated with pyraclostrobin or boscalid alone, and these benefits manifested in terms of fruit production and increased the activity of the antioxidative system, thereby reducing stress. The higher productivity probably occurred due to the better physiological performance of these plants, mainly at the beginning of development, presenting greater activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase, in addition to the higher net CO 2 assimilation and carboxylation efficiency.

ResumoO trabalho objetivou verifi car o efeito de reguladores no crescimento de plantas de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. BRS-184) e conteúdo de clorofi la. Em experimento instalado em casa-de-vegetação, plantas de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. BRS-184) foram cultivadas em vasos de 10L, com terra da camada arável corrigida e adubada conforme a análise do solo. , os quais foram aplicados três vezes a intervalos de 30 dias e realizadas seis avaliações a intervalos de 13 dias. Os resultados revelaram que a maior produção de massa seca total ocorreu com a aplicação de IBA, Stimulate e cloreto de mepiquat. A área foliar foi inferior à testemunha na maioria dos tratamentos; o teor de clorofi la e a taxa de crescimento foram pouco infl uenciados pelos tratamentos. O tratamento com citocinina isolada ou associada a outros reguladores manteve por mais tempo o teor de clorofi la. A TCR e a TAL foram reduzidas a partir dos 99 dias após a semeadura com aplicação de cloreto de mepiquat. Unitermos: Glycine max, retardantes de crescimento, auxina, citocinina AbstractGrowth analysis of soybean plants treated with plant growth regulators. This work aimed to verify the effect of plant growth regulators on soybean plant growth and chlorophyll content. In an experiment carried out in a greenhouse, soybean plants were cultivated (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. BRS-184) in 10-liter pots containing soil from the arable layer, corrected and fertilized according to the soil analysis. The treatments used were: control; GA 3 100mg.L . Treatments were applied three times at 30-day intervals. Six samplings were taken at 13-day intervals. The results indicated that the highest total dry weight value resulted from the application of IBA and Stimulate, and that the application of mepiquat chloride in association with IBA and BAP reduced total dry matter production. The leaf area was smaller than the control in most treatments. The chlorophyll content and growth rate were slightly infl uenced by the treatments. The cytokinin treatment alone or in association with other plant growth regulators retained Biotemas, 21 (3): 53-63, setembro de 2008

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RESUMO -Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes manejos de palhada de capimbraquiária sobre o desenvolvimento inicial da cultura de soja e da planta daninha amendoim-bravo, foi conduzido um experimento em condições de casa de vegetação no NuPAM-FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: manejo da palhada na superfície do solo + irrigação superficial (T1); manejo da palhada na superfície do solo + irrigação subsuperficial (T2); palhada incorporada ao solo (T3); e testemunha sem cobertura (T4). A palhada foi colhida no campo 30 dias após dessecação com o herbicida glyphosate (1,44 g i.a. ha -1 ). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com sete repetições, sendo as unidades experimentais vasos plásticos, com a soja e o amendoimbravo semeados paralelamente, em linhas distintas. O T1 reduziu significativamente o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e a altura das plântulas de soja aos 5 e 10 dias após a emergência (DAE), ao contrário do amendoim-bravo, o qual não sofreu interferência dos tratamentos estudados, constituindo-se em uma planta-problema para sistemas produtivos com palhada de capim-braquiária. Os resultados da análise de crescimento (TCA -taxa de crescimento absoluto, TCR -taxa de crescimento relativo e TAL -taxa de assimilação líquida) das plântulas de soja e amendoim-bravo apresentaram valores máximos aos 15 DAE, com exceção do T3 para soja, o qual reduziu expressivamente o desenvolvimento em relação aos demais tratamentos.Palavras-chave: palhada, plantio direto, planta daninha. ABSTRACT -An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions at NuPAM-FCA/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil to evaluate the effects of different types of straw management of Brachiaria decumbens on the initial development of Glycine max and Euphorbia heterophylla. The treatments were: straw on soil surface + irrigation on the top (T1); straw on soil surface + underirrigation (T2); straw incorporated into the soil (T3) and control (T4

); VALDIR ZUCARELI ( 2 ); ELIZABETH ORIKA ONO ( 2 ); JOÃO DOMINGOS RODRIGUES ( 2 ) RESUMOO estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de reguladores vegetais no desenvolvimento de plantas de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.). Para tanto, plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de 12 litros em casa de vegetação. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos contendo quatro repetições e cinco coletas. Os tratamentos consistiram de aplicações foliares dos seguintes reguladores vegetais: ácido giberélico (GA 3 ) 100 mg L -1 , ácido 2-cloroetilfosfônico (ethephon) 100 mg L -1 e cinetina 100 mg L -1 , que foram preparados em solução aquosa. As aplicações dos reguladores vegetais foram realizadas aos 40, 60 e 80 dias após a semeadura (DAS), e o desenvolvimento das plantas avaliado em coletas a intervalos de 14 dias, aos 50, 64, 78, 92 e 106 DAS. Em plantas tratadas com cinetina, observaram-se os maiores valores para os índices fisiológicos, com maior desenvolvimento, devido ao aumento da área foliar e à massa seca promovido por esse regulador vegetal.Palavras-chave: manjericão, índices fisiológicos, ácido giberélico, ethephon, cinetina. ABSTRACT GROWTH ANALYSIS OF BASIL PLANTS SUBMITTED TO PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on the development of basil plants (Ocimum basilicum L.). The experiment was seeded in 12-liter pots and carried out in a greenhouse. The experimental design was a randomized block with four treatments, four replications, and five harvest times. Treatments consisted of the following plant growth regulators applied as foliar sprays: gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon), and kinetin at 100 mg L -1 , which were prepared in aqueous solution. Plant growth regulator applications were performed at 40, 60, and 80 days after planting (DAP) and plant development was evaluated during harvest time, at 14-day intervals, 50, 64, 78, and 106 DAP. Plants treated with kinetin showed the highest physiological index values, and exhibited greater development due to increases in leaf area and dry matter provided by this plant growth regulator.

-The study aimed to assess the influence of temperature and light on germination of Passiflora incarnata L seeds. The treatments consisted of five temperature conditions (25, 30, 35, 20-30 and 30-20 °C) and two light conditions (constant light and constant darkness). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement (light x temperature). The seeds were kept in a germination chamber during the period of 30 days. The germinated seeds were counted daily. At the end of the experiment, the percentage of seed germination (PSG), germination speed index (GSI), the germination rate (GR) and relative frequency of germination (RFG) were calculated. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The relative frequency of germination was represented as graphs. It was observed that light has an inhibitory effect on seed germination. The constant temperature of 35 °C and the alternating temperatures of 30/20 °C promoted a higher germination seed index for Passiflora incarnata.Index terms: passion fruit, medicinal plants, seed propagation.Influência da luz e da temperatura na germinação de sementes de Passiflora incarnata L.RESUMO -O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da temperatura e da luz na germinação de sementes de Passiflora incarnata L. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco condições de temperaturas (25, 30, 35, 20-30 e 30-20 ºC) e duas condições de luz (luz constante e escuro constante). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 (luz x temperatura). As sementes foram mantidas em câmera de germinação durante o período de 30 dias. A contagem das sementes germinadas foi realizada diariamente. Ao final do experimento foram calculados a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação -IVG, a velocidade de germinação -VG e a frequência relativa de germinação. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. A frequência relativa de germinação foi representada na forma de gráficos. Observou-se que a luz tem efeito inibitório sobre a germinação das sementes. A temperatura constante de 35 °C e a alternada 30/20 °C promoveram maior índice de germinação das sementes de Passiflora incarnata.Termos para indexação: maracujá, plantas medicinais, propagação.