This study aimed to develop a type of hamburger meat product and evaluate the physical features and sensory formulations of oatmeal flour, flour of green banana pulp, flour of green banana peel, flour of apple peel and pulp of Green Banana as fat substitutes. Regarding color, the formulations containing fat substitutes based on green banana presented lower values for b* and L*. Hamburgers with added oatmeal and apple peel flour obtained high values of a* and low values of L*, producing the reddest burgers. Substitutes based on green banana differed from others, resulting in a higher yield of burgers and water-holding capacity during cooking, besides having lower toughness and less shrinkage. The sensory acceptance test for untrained consumers suggests that the flour of peel and pulp of green banana, and oatmeal flour are excellent choices for fat-substitution in beef burger. Although fat contributes to a series of physical and sensory attributes such as softness, juiciness and yield, it is possible to reduce the lipid content in beef burgers without depreciating the quality of food through the use of the following fat substitutes: oat flour, apple peel flour, green banana pulp flour, green banana peel flour and green banana pulp.

The fish processing industry generates a large amount of materials discarded as residue. It is known that fish and its residue are a source of essential nutrients. Conversely, bread is a food accessible to different social classes but is deficient in protein, minerals, and fatty acids. Thus, this study aimed to develop bread products based on the addition of flour from Red-tailed Brycon (Brycon cephalus) processing residue and then evaluate the chemical and sensory qualities of the products. In relation to a standard bread formulation without fish flour, the addition of fish flour to bread formulations resulted in products with not only higher contents of protein, essential fatty acids, and minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, but also lower contents of carbohydrates. The breads with fish flour received sensory acceptance better than or as good as that of a bread formulation without fish flour. Hence, the addition of fish processing residue to breads is a way to provide essential nutrients to the population through a well-accepted, accessible, and low-cost product.

This work considers the hypothesis of using Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) for relating consumer acceptance to descriptive attributes by employing three‐way external preference maps. A pilot case study with a real data set from six commercial samples of grape juice was conducted. The results revealed that PARAFAC was useful for relating consumer acceptance to descriptive attributes, by simultaneously considering the various analyzed attributes by three‐way external preference maps. The three‐way external preference maps provided a general interpretation of the data, thereby making it possible to simultaneously relate consumer preferences, sensorial attributes and descriptive characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Three‐way external preference mapping enables the simultaneous analysis of the correlations (interactions) among consumer preferences, products and different evaluated attributes, as in the previously proposed three‐way internal preference mapping; but in this approach, descriptive parameters are also considered in the analysis. It enables an analysis of the overall performance of the samples in the acceptance test using a single map and to simultaneously correlate the descriptive attributes to acceptance for all consumer attributes. The three‐way approach is able to access overall performance of samples in the consumer acceptance test without the need to evaluate overall liking attribute. This is advantageous, e.g., to prevent the halo effect of attributes on overall liking.

RESUMOOs experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e da energia bruta da silagem ácida de resíduos da filetagem de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) para alevinos de tilápia nilótica e o desempenho dos alevinos recebendo níveis crescentes (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 %) da silagem ácida em substituição à farinha de peixe na ração. Na digestibilidade foram utilizados 200 alevinos revertidos sexualmente, com peso médio de 2,0 g e acondicionados em aquários de 40 litros. A coleta de fezes foi feita durante 7 dias seguintes e a determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e energia metabolizável aparente foi feita por metodologia indireta, tendo sido utilizado 1% de Cr 2 O 3 como indicador incorporado à ração. No desempenho, foram utilizados 2000 alevinos revertidos sexualmente com peso médio de 0,45 g, acondicionados em hapas de 1m 2 , dispostos em um viveiro escavado. As variáveis analisadas foram: ganho de peso final (GPF), consumo de ração total (CRT), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), acréscimo em altura (AA) e em comprimento (AC). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os valores de digestibilidade encontrados foram: coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, 95,49%; coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, 96,66%; coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo, 97,18%; coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da energia bruta, 95,44%, e energia digestível aparente 2.880,02 kcal/kg. Não houve diferença significativa (P> 0,05) para ganho de peso final, consumo de ração total, conversão e acréscimo em altura. Observou-se aumento linear (P<0,01) para o comprimento. Conclui-se que este alimento pode ser eficientemente utilizado pela tilápia nilótica.Termos para indexação: Digestibilidade, Tilápia do Nilo, desempenho, ração alternativa. ABSTRACTThe experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients of the nutrients and gross energy of acid silage of filetage residues from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This silage was given to Nile tilapia juvenile and their performance was taken. The treatments were based on the increasing levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40%) of the acid silage by substitution of fish meal in the diets. In the digestibility assay a total of 200 sexually inverted juveniles were used. The average weight was 2.0 g and were kept in 40 liter aquariums. Feces collection was made during 7 subsequent days and the apparent digestibility coefficients and apparent metabolizable energy were determined by indirect method, 1% of Cr 2 0 3 was used as an indicator . In the performance assay a total of 2000 sexually inverted juveniles were used. The average weight of 0.45g, they also were kept in 1m 2 hapas in a fish crawl. The analyzed variables were: final weight (FWG), total feed intake (TFE), apparent feed conversion (AFC), height increase (HI) and length increase (LI). The randomized design was used with 5 trea...

RESUMOO experimento avaliou o valor nutritivo da silagem ácida da filetagem da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus Linneaus, 1758), visando sua utilização em substituição à farinha de peixe na alimentação de organismo aquático. A silagem consistiu de resíduos da filetagem de tilápia (carcaça) e 3% de ácido fórmico, armazenada em temperatura ambiente (máxima média de 21,5ºC) e temperatura mínima média de 15ºC, por trinta dias, em baldes de polietileno com um orifício, por onde os gases saiam. O pH foi monitorado no 1º, 15º e 30º dia. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas para contagem total de microrganismos e coliformes a 35ºC e 45ºC. O pH apresentou média de 3,95 ao final dos 30 dias. Nas análises microbiológicas observou-se a ausência de coliformes a 45ºC e, que a quantidade de microrganismos diminuiu gradativamente. Do ponto de vista microbiológico, a silagem ácida de resíduo da filetagem de tilápia mostrou-se como alimento alternativo viável para a alimentação animal.Termos para indexação: Silagem, alimentação, resíduos, peixe, filetagem. ABSTRACTThe experiment was carried out for evaluate the nutritional value of the silage of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linneaus, 1758) filetage residues with formic acid as a replace of fish meal in aquatic organisms feeding as protein source. The silage consisted of tilapia filetage residues (carcass) and 3% formic acid, and it was stored in environmental temperature with a maximum average of 21,5º C and a minimum average of 15 º C, during thirty days, in polyethylene pails with an orifice for the exhaustion of gases. The pH was monitored on the 1 st , 15 th and 30 th day. The microbiological analyses were made for the total count of microorganisms and coliforms at 35º C and 45º C. The average pH was 3.95 at the end of 30 days. The microbiological analyses showed absence of coliformes at 45º C and a gradual reduction in the quantity of microorganisms. From the microbiological standpoint, the acid silage of tilapia residues was shown to be an alternative viable diet for animal feeding.

-This study evaluated the effect of ractopamine (RAC) on the performance of finishing pigs and the meat quality of these animals. Seventy crossbred pigs (35 barrows and 35 females) selected for high gain of lean meat, with initial weight of 77.1±0.32 kg were distributed in randomized blocks with five treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm RAC in the diet) and seven replications during 28 days. The experimental unit was represented by a male and a female pig. Regarding the performance variables, there was a linear increase in final weight with increasing levels of RAC, as well as in average daily weight gain. An improvement in feed conversion was observed for animals fed RAC, and the optimal level -estimated by the LRP model -was ~ 5 ppm. For feed intake, no significant effect on intake of digestible lysine and energy intake was observed. Carcass yield responses increased linearly with the RAC dose. Ash content, color component b* and loss drip linearly decreased with increasing doses of RAC. There was also a significant difference in the percentage of ether extract and crude protein in the loin, and treatment with 20 ppm RAC showed a lower amount of protein and larger amounts of lipids. Moisture content, color component L*, weight loss by cooking and defrosting, shear force and pH were not affected by the treatment. Concerning the lipid oxidation, there was no effect of RAC on the concentration of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) under cooling and under freezing. Thus, all ractopamine levels improve performance compared with control and do not negatively affect the quality of fresh, chilled or frozen pig meat.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of minced fish (MF) inclusion on the acceptance of tilapia sausages. One hundred consumers participated in the sensory acceptance test in relation to the attributes appearance, color, aroma, flavor, texture, overall impression, and purchase intent. The tests were conducted using the same composition of ingredients, varying only the raw material (MF and fillet), resulting in 5 different formulations. To represent the results of the sensory attributes, we generated internal preference maps through principal component analysis and parallel factor analysis, as well as frequency histograms. The data showed greater acceptability for the sample produced with 50% MF, although all had shown satisfactory results. We conclude that inclusion of MF can be suitable in the preparation of fish sausage due to high consumer acceptance.

The objective was to evaluate the use of ractopamine (RAC) in the diet for pacu (Piaractus mesopotaminus) in the finishing phase on some quality parameters of the fillets. Thirty-five animals weighing 0.868±0.168kg were distributed in a completely randomised design with five treatments (0.0 -control; 11.25, 22.50, 33.75 and 45 ppm of RAC) and seven replicates with two fillets obtained from the same animal. The diets were isocaloric and isoprotein and experimental time was 90 days. RAC did not affect (P>0.05) the initial pH or ph after 24 hours of the fillets. Compared to the control, RAC increased (P<0.05) the moisture content of the fillets in natura and lipid oxidation of samples stored for 12 days in the refrigerator or freezer for 60 days. The RAC in 11.25 ppm reduced (P<0.05) the lipid content, while 45 ppm reduced (P<0.05) the crude protein in the fillets. Considering only RAC, there was a linear increase (P<0.05) in the lipid content (P<0.05) and a linear reduction in crude protein and weight loss after cooking the fillets. There was a quadratic effect (P<0.05) on the ash content, weight loss and lipid oxidation in fillets stored in the refrigerator or freezer. A RAC dose of 33.75 ppm resulted in a lower lipid oxidation index. In conclusion, ractopamine at 11.25 ppm is effective for reducing the fat content in fillets of pacu, although it increases the formation of peroxides in samples kept in the freezer for longer than 60 days. At 33.75 ppm, ractopamine is effective in reducing the effect of oxidation during storage in the refrigerator or freezer.Keywords: fish, lipid oxidation, animal production, fillet quality (0,0 -controle; 11,25; 22,50; 33,75 RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar a influência do uso de ractopamina na alimentação de pacus (Piaractus mesopotaminus) na fase de terminação sobre alguns parâmetros de qualidade dos filés. Trinta e cinco animais com peso de 0,868±0,168kg foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco tratamentos