Results on heat current, entropy production rate and entanglement are reported for a quantum system coupled to two different temperature heat reservoirs. By applying a temperature gradient, different quantum states can be found with exactly the same amount of entanglement but different purity degrees and heat currents. Furthermore, a nonequilibrium enhancement-suppression transition behavior of the entanglement is identified.Comment: 5 pages and 5 figures(eps). Minor changes. Accepted version to be published in Phys. Rev.

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A new species of bladed Bangiales, Pyropia orbicularis sp. nov., has been described for the first time from the central coast of Chile based on morphology and molecular analyses. The new species was incorrectly known previously as Porphyra columbina (now Pyropia columbina), and it can be distinguished from other species of Pyropia through a range of morphological characteristics, including the shape, texture and colour of the thallus, and the arrangement of the reproductive structures on the foliose thalli. Molecular phylogenies based on both the mitochondrial COI and plastid rbcL gene regions enable this species to be distinguished from other species within Pyropia. P. orbicularis sp. nov. belongs to a well-supported clade of Pyropia from the southern oceans that include specimens from the South Pacific (North, South, Chatham, Stewart, Auckland, and Campbell Island, New Zealand, New South Wales, and Macquarie Island, Australia) including P. columbina and P. plicata. Within this clade, the highest sequence identity was observed between Pyropia orbicularis sp. nov. and Pyropia sp. FIC from the Falkland Islands.

A recent molecular taxonomic study along the Chilean coast (18° S–53° S) described 18 candidate species of bladed Bangiales of which only two were formally described. Few studies focused on local genetic and morphological diversity of bladed Bangiales and attempted to determine their intertidal distribution in contrasting habitats, and none were performed in Chile. To delimit intertidal distributions of genetic species, 66 samples of bladed Bangiales were collected at Maitencillo (32° S) in four zones: a rocky platform, a rocky wall, and two boulders zones surrounded by sandy and rocky bottoms, respectively. These samples were identified based on sequences of the mitochondrial COI and chloroplast rbcL markers. We also collected 87 specimens for morphological characterization of the most common species, rapidly assessing their putative species identity using newly developed species‐diagnostic (PCR‐RFLP) markers. Eight microscopic and two macroscopic morphological traits were measured. We described and named three of four species that predominate in Maitencillo (including Pyropia orbicularis): Pyropia variabilis Zapata, Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras‐Porcia, sp. nov., Porphyra luchea Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras‐Porcia sp. nov., and Porphyra longissima Meynard, Ramírez, Contreras‐Porcia, sp. nov. With the exception of Po. longissima restricted to boulders surrounded by sandy bottom, and a morphotype of Py. variabilis restricted to rocky walls, the other species/morphotypes have overlapping intertidal distributions. Except for Po. longissima, which is clearly differentiated morphologically (longest and thinnest blades), we conclude that morphology is not sufficient to differentiate bladed Bangiales. Our findings underscore the importance of refining our knowledge of intrinsic and environmental determinants on the distribution of bladed Bangiales.

RESUMENEl conocimiento taxonómico de la flora marina bentónica de la región austral de Sudamérica, incluida la Antártica, está basado fundamentalmente en los registros de las expediciones europeas que recorrieron los mares australes durante los siglos XVIII, XIX y principios del siglo XX. Debido a la lejanía de estos territorios y a las dificultades logísticas para la realización de nuevas recolecciones en el área, poco se ha avanzado en la revisión crítica de los taxa publicados en la literatura hasta la fecha. El presente trabajo da a conocer un listado actualizado de esta flora marina, en base a las publicaciones y exploraciones recientes en el área. Adicionalmente y en base a este listado, se presenta un análisis biogeográfico con el objeto de establecer las relaciones entre la flora marina de la región austral de Sudamérica y aquélla de la región antártica.Palabras clave: Chile, algas marinas, biogeografía ABSTRACT Knowledge of the benthic marine flora from southern South America, and Antarctica is based on past centuries of exploration of the region by early naturalists. Lack of accessibility to the area has been a limiting factor in carrying out a critical revision of these early records reported in the literature.The aim of the present work is to update the benthic marine algal records for the area. In addition, a preliminary assessment is made of the biogeographic relationships between the marine flora of southern South America and the Antarctic region.