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Resumen Liderada por el chef Gastón Acurio, en el Perú se está llevando a cabo una “revolución gastronómica.” Planteado como un movimiento culinario y social, este boom gastronómico conlleva una promesa cosmopolita: unir a una nación fragmentada y exportar la comida y cultura peruana al mundo. Este artículo sostiene que la celebración de este boom oculta un lado oscuro: la marginalización y violencia hacia los indígenas y cuerpos no‐humanos. En él examino el cosmopolitanismo de la cocina novoandina utilizando el enfoque cosmopolítico de Stengers y Latour, el cual sustituye la premisa de reconciliar conflictos en “un mundo” (la promesa cosmopolita) por la de examinar los conflictos que surgen en las conexiones parciales de varios mundos (la propuesta cosmopolítica de Stengers). Más allá del escenario urbano de Lima, este artículo contempla las consecuencias del boom gastronómico para el mundo indígena y el mundo menos visible de los animales andinos como cuyes y alpacas.

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The seroprevalence of trypanosomiasis and the prevalence of current trypanosome infection in water buffaloes from the most important livestock areas of Venezuela were evaluated by IFAT and the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique, respectively. The usefulness of a PCR-based assay for identifying the trypanosome species in the buffaloes was also evaluated. Of the 644 animals investigated, 40 (6.2%) were found infected with trypanosomes by blood centrifugation, and 196 (30.4%) were found positive for anti-trypanosome antibodies, by IFAT. The results of the PCR-based assay indicated that 92.5% of the animals with current infections were infected with Trypanosoma vivax and the rest with T. theileri (the first molecular confirmation of T. theileri in Venezuelan water buffaloes). The national programme to treat and prevent trypanosome infections in the buffaloes does not appear to be meeting with great success, even though it is focused on T. vivax. Although the level of parasitaemia was categorized as low for 28 (70%) of the infections detected (and packed-cell volumes appeared to be unassociated with IFAT result, and uncorrelated, in the infected animals, with level of parasitaemia), the 40 infected buffaloes had a significantly lower mean packed-cell volume than the uninfected animals (P<0.05). Farmers should therefore be made aware of the probability of trypanosome-attributable losses in buffalo productivity.

The current guideline is the result of constructive collaboration among a multidisciplinary research team to better ascertain the true economic burden of dengue across countries of the region.

The effect of Argentine propolis extracts against enzymes related to metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress, as well as the botanical origin of raw propolis, were studied. Histological and chemical analyses of propolis samples revealed that the botanical origin is Zuccagnia punctata, an Argentine medicinal plant. The melissopalynological analysis showed both pollen grains of Z. punctata and the other plant species. This result indicates that the differences found in the botanical remains compared to the palynological studies may have been caused by the bees selecting resinous shrubs mainly of Z. punctata for the production of propolis and other plants with flowers for the production of honey. The richness of propolis was remarkable in two flavonoid precursors (2´,4´‐dihydroxy‐3´‐methoxychalcone, 2´,4´‐dihydroxychalcone), the major chemical components of Z. punctata. The hydroalcoholic extracts of Argentine propolis and Z. punctata were able to inhibit enzymes associated with the metabolic syndrome, including α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase and lipase, with IC50 values between 7 to 14, 37 to 48, and 13 to 28 µg/mL, respectively. Biological activity was mainly attributed to chalcones. Oxygen and nitrogen reactive species scavenging activity was determined by the assays of superoxide radical (O2•−), hydroxyl radical (HO•), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO•), and cation radical (ABTS•+). Results showed SC50 values between 115 to 278, 12.50 to 46; 39 to 92; 50 to 104.50 and 23 to 33.75 µg/mL, respectively. This study suggests for the first time that propolis from Argentina is highly effective in inhibiting enzymes related to the metabolic syndrome and in free‐radical scavenging that would justify its use as a dietary supplement or as a functional ingredient in special food. Practical Application Propolis from Catamarca, Argentina, is traditionally used as medicine and food. Its botanical origin is Zuccagnia punctata, an endemic plant species popularly used as a medicine in Argentina. Propolis has the ability to regulate the activity of enzymes involved in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and consequently in metabolic syndrome. Besides, its antioxidant capacity makes it a natural product that can be used as a dietary supplement or as a functional ingredient in special foods. It is important to highlight that in the Argentine Food Code, propolis was incorporated in 2008 as a dietary supplement and the present results give major added value to this product.

Most fungicide sprays applied to apple orchards in the New England states are targeted at the management of apple scab. Researchers have developed action thresholds that aid in decision-making on whether early spring fungicide applications could be eliminated without a significant increase in the incidence of fruit scab at harvest. To facilitate grower adoption of these thresholds, a simplified, sequential sampling technique in autumn to determine the “scab risk” of an orchard for the following spring was proposed in the scientific literature. However, this technique had not been evaluated in the field. In autumn 1999, 2000, and 2001, orchards were evaluated using the new sequential sampling technique to determine scab risk. Risk ratings were compared with those obtained by the original, nonsequential procedure in each orchard. Data also were examined using a simulation sequential sampling computer program to determine whether or not risk ratings would change if different trees or shoots were used. In two of the assessed orchards, “delayed-spray” experiments involving two treatments (a delayed-spray and full-spray treatment) were conducted in 2000 and 2001. Delayed-spray replicates were to receive no fungicide sprays until after the third primary infection period (but before the fourth) or until the pink stage of bud development, whichever came first; full-spray replicates received fungicide sprays starting at the green-tip stage of bud development. The sequential sampling technique provided scab-risk ratings consistent with the original, nonsequential procedure, at potentially significant time savings. Also, following the delayed-spray strategy in low-risk orchards did not result in significant differences in fruit scab at harvest compared with initiating spraying at the green-tip phenological bud stage.

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