Organic extracts were obtained from roots of Canavalia ensiformis and evaluated for allelopathic potential on the germination of the weed seeds: Mimosa pudica, Cassia tora and Cassia occidentalis showing a strong allelopathic potential. After that, a systematic study of these crude extracts was made using specific protocols developed in capillary electrophoresis (CE) in order to determine some classes of secondary metabolites. Capillary electrophoresis protocols were highly specific, which makes it possible to identify 5 classes of compounds using the same crude extract samples and analyze them fartly. Some of the compounds identified show activity in the inhibition of seeds germination.Keywords: allelopathy; capillary electrophoresis; Canavalia ensiformis; roots. organic extracts are carried out using one or more chromatographic techniques. The use of these techniques for analysis of a great amount of compounds can be very time-consuming, though, especially when it involves complex mixtures like plant extracts [6][7][8][9][10].Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a microanalytical method that has become an extremely advantageous technique for the separation of many compounds in phytochemical analysis, mainly because it provides the possibility to inject crude extracts without previous purification or separation of the active compounds. CE provides advantages in terms of speed, high efficiency, low cost and simplicity. This technique requires small contents of electrolyte and sample, no solvents and consequently produces small amounts of residues [6][7][8][9][10].Capillary electrophoresis is performed in columns with capillary dimensions (25-75 µm of internal diameter and 375 µm of external diameter). The capillary is filled with an electrolyte solution, immersed in two reservoirs containing the selected electrolyte and submitted to high voltages. Samples are injected in the capillary by the controlled application of either voltage or pressure during a period of time. The compounds are separated into the column and detected by a detection system. [11].Studying the physical-chemical interactions between the analytes and the electrolyte medium components, TAVARES et al [12] drawing several analytical protocols to phytochemical analyses that provides an instantaneous profile of the plant secondary metabolic status at the time of examination. Due to the versatility of CE technique it is possible to separate and identify specific classes of plant constituents just by using a single capillary column, selecting a proper electrolyte and pH. The procedure for analyses using the protocols is simple and means only injecting crude extracts without previous purification under specific conditions (pH, electrolyte, wave length) that facilitate the ionization and separation of a specific class of compounds.In this work we assembled capillary electrophoresis protocols to carry out a systematic evaluation of organic extracts from Canavalia ensiformis roots. It were separated and identified five classes of compounds: flavon...
This work describes the extraction of glycosylated flavonoids from ‘passion fruit’ leaves (Passiflora edulis; Passifloraceae), using carbon dioxide in the supercritical state modified with chloroform, ethyl acetate or short‐chain alcohols. Carbon dioxide modified with 10% methanol was shown to be the best extraction fluid, considering both the yield of the flavonoid extracts and the temperature conditions. The supercritical fluid extracts were compared to those obtained by using a conventional extraction method for Passiflora flavanoids, indicating the advantages of supercritical fluid extraction as an alternative method for the analysis of flavonoids from other ‘passion fruit’ species (P. alata and P. incarnata). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neste trabalho avaliou-se o potencial alelopático de extratos orgânicos obtidos a partir das folhas de Calopogonium mucunoides sobre a germinação de sementes de algumas plantas daninhas comumente encontradas em áreas de pastagens cultivadas da Amazônia brasileira, as quais causam grandes danos à produtividade: Cassia tora (mata-pasto), Mimosa pudica (malícia) e Cassia occidentalis (fedegoso). Compostos secundários foram identificados e quantificados nos extratos brutos utilizando eletroforese capilar. Após identificar e quantificar os compostos presentes nos extratos realizaram-se novos bioensaios com os padrões dos compostos identificados a fim de verificar se os mesmos poderiam atuar como inibidores na germinação das sementes das plantas daninhas em estudo. Calopogonium mucunoides apresentou potencial alelopático o qual variou com a espécie de planta daninha estudada. Os protocolos desenvolvidos utilizando eletroforese capilar se mostraram eficientes e bastante específicos, sendo possível a separação e identificação de 5 classes de compostos nos extratos brutos sem necessidade de "clean up" ou fracionamento dos mesmos, com análises rápidas (em menos de 20 minutos) e baixas quantidades de solventes utilizadas quando comparadas aos métodos tradicionais de análises. Vários dos compostos identificados apresentaram potencial de inibição de germinação nas sementes estudadas, sendo malícia a mais sensível, os bioensaios também indicaram certo efeito sinérgico ao utilizar a mistura de compostos.
This article describes the assessment of possible allelopathic potential of organic extracts obtained from leaves of Canavalia ensiformis under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, a systematic evaluation of these extracts was carried out using specific protocols developed in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine some groups of secondary metabolites. After the identification and quantification of compounds, the effects of compounds on germination of some common weeds was investigated, which are becoming a real problem in pastures in the state of Pará, Brazil.
A rapid, selective and specific capillary zone electrophoresis method to determine polyamines in organic extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Beans) was developed using ultra violet (UV) detection. Canavalia ensiformis is relatively free from diseases and it is used as reference in allelopathy studies. Polyamines are widely distributed in plant and it could be involved in plant pathogen interactions. Optimal separation was achieved using 15 mmol L(-1)formic acid (pH 3.0) + 4 mmol L(-1) imidazole as a background electrolyte. It was possible to identify and quantify the polyamines on herbal samples in the presence of other phytochemical substances and analyze them quickly (up to 6 min). The applicability of this method was evaluated in crude organic extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis.
Desde sua implementação na década de 80, a eletroforese capilar vem evoluindo, tornando-se uma técnica de separação bem estabelecida e, hoje, engloba de fato, uma família de técnicas eletrocinéticas, com mecanismos de separação distintos e seletividade característica, todas passíveis de serem conduzidas em uma única coluna capilar. Neste trabalho, a versatilidade da eletroforese capilar para lidar com materiais de diferentes classes químicas e matrizes complexas é ilustrada, apresentando aplicações representativas nas áreas clínica, forense, cosmética, ambiental, nutricional e farmacêutica, compilando os interesses de pesquisa e resultados do nosso próprio grupo.Since its inception in the 80's, capillary electrophoresis has matured into a well-established separation technique, actually encompassing a family of electrodriven techniques with distinct separation mechanisms and selectivity, performed in a single capillary column. In this work, the versatility of capillary electrophoresis in handling materials from a diversity of chemical classes and complex sample matrices is illustrated by representative applications in the clinical, forensic, cosmetological, environmental, nutritional and pharmaceutical areas, grouping together our own research interests and results.Keywords: capillary electrophoresis, ions, hemoglobin, morphine, aldehydes, pesticides, plant secondary metabolites, protein hydrolysate, AIDS drug cocktail IntroductionElectrophoresis is the separation of charged molecules based on differential migration in an electric field. Historically, it was introduced in the early 1930´s with the moving-boundary method of Tiselius, for the separation of human serum into some of its constituent proteins. For this pioneering work, Tiselius was awarded a Nobel prize in 1948. Since then, electrophoresis has held a unique position among the techniques for separation of biomolecules. But only in the last two decades, with the implementation of the capillary techniques, has electrophoresis evolved from a manually intensive to a fully automated format and gained acceptance in the analytical métier. 1 At the present time, capillary electrophoresis (CE) encompasses a family of electrodriven techniques with distinct separation mechanisms and selectivities. 2 Relevant aspects of the technique such as high efficiency, high resolving power, high speed, full automation and a variety of injection based pre-concentration schemes and detection modes have all been extensively investigated. 3 In addition to these technological developments, much research has been directed towards demonstrating the versatility of CE for routine applications. 2,3 In this work, the versatility of capillary electrophoresis is illustrated by representative applications in several areas: clinical/forensic (hemoglobins in hemolysate, ketoacid metabolites in serum and opiates in hair), cosmetological (alkaloids, xanthines, terpenes and phenolic compounds in herbal extracts and essential oils and electrophoretic profile and aminogram of protein hydrolysates...
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