No abstract

The aim of this study was to translate into Brazilian Portuguese three scales for the assessment of men's body image, namely the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (SMAQ), and the Male Body Ideal Distress Scale (MBIDS), and to evaluate the factor structure of each of these translated scales. A sample of 878 men completed translated versions of each of the scales, a previously translated Portuguese version of the Body Appreciation Scale, and demographic measures. Confirmatory factor analysis, using unweighted least square estimation and listwise deletion, was used to determine the scales' factorial structures. Results showed that the Portuguese DMS and MBIDS had similar factor structures as their parent versions, whereas the SMAQ had a three-factor structure that diverged from its parent scale. Adequate internal reliability coefficients and evidence of construct validity was established for all three scales. These translated scales provide useful tools for quantitative investigations of men's body image in the Brazilian context and expand the possibility of future cross-cultural research.

The urinary incontinence is defined as "every involuntary loss of urinary". It happens with women more frequently, and is mainly caused by childbirths and gestations that can injure the muscles responsible for the women continence. Indeed, it is very common women who practice physical activities and sports to present incontinence. Many of these women abandon their activities to prevent discharging urine during these practices which causes shame, embarrassment besides interference with the performance during the exercise. There is no research that argues this subject in the area of the physical education. The objective of this study consisted in a bibliographical revision about urinary incontinence, analyzing its relation with physical activities and sports for women, the impact caused by the incontinence in these practices, and in what form the physical education professional can facilitate a more comfortable and safe practices to these women. The literature data on this subject is very recent, but they are enough to evidence that the physical and sport practices of exercises demanding a lot of efforts and high impact can lead to the urinary incontinence. The women who do not abandon their activities because of this incontinence use some strategies to prevent the discharge of urine, as the use of absorbents and water restriction. The physical education professional has a basic role in the adequate orientation of exercises transforming this practice into a urinary incontinence preventive intervention among physically active women.

Nosso objetivo foi verificar a influência de uma proposta de atividades físicas na qualidade de vida e na auto-imagem de mulheres incontinentes. Constituiu-se de um estudo comparativo e exploratório realizado durante 16 semanas. Participaram 37 mulheres com e sem incontinência urinária (IU). Após o estudo observamos melhora significativa nos domínios relacionados com a percepção geral de saúde (p < 0,001), impacto da IU (p = 0,035), limitações físicas (p = 0,015), relações pessoais (p = 0,048), sono e disposição (p = 0,012) e em relação às medidas de gravidade (p = 0,011). Na auto-imagem não foram verificadas alterações quanto à aparência; todavia, quanto à satisfação corporal, observamos que as mulheres passaram a sentir-se menos satisfeitas com seu corpo (p = 0,007). Foi relatada diminuição no número de regiões onde sentiam dores (p = 0,0003) e de que não gostavam (p = 0,0017). Conclui-se que os profissionais de Educação Física, por meio de uma proposta de atividades físicas sistematizada e integrada, podem levar mulheres com IU a melhora significativa na percepção de sua qualidade de vida e de sua saúde, em aspectos relacionados à sua autoimagem e à melhora nos sintomas de IU, com a diminuição da frequência e quantidade da perda urinária.Palavras-chave: incontinência urinária, exercício, qualidade de vida, imagem corporal. ABSTRACTOur aim was to verify the influence of a physical activities proposal in the quality of life and self image of incontinent women. This study was comparative and exploratory and was developed in 16 weeks. Thirtyseven women with and without urinary incontinence (IU) participated in the study. After the study, significant improvement in general health perception (p < 0.001), UI impact (p = 0.035), physical limitations (p = 0.015), personal relations, (p = 0.048), sleep and disposition (p = 0.012) and concerned with the gravity measurements (p = 0.011) was observed. Concerning self image, alterations in appearance were not observed; however, concerning body satisfaction, the women felt less satisfied with their bodies (p = 0.007). There was a reduction in the number of regions where they felt pain (p = 0.0003) and that they did not like (p = 0.0017). In conclusion, the Physical Education professionals using a systematized and integrated physical activities program can lead the women with IU to significant improvement in the perception of their quality of life and health concerning their self image with improvement of the IU symptoms and reduction of frequency and amount of urinary loss.Keywords: urinary incontinence, exercise, quality of life, body image. INTRODUÇÃOA incontinência urinária (IU) é definida pela International Continence Society como "qualquer perda involuntária de urina" (1) . A incidência da IU é significativamente maior no sexo feminino e o tipo mais comum é a IU de esforço -perda involuntária de urina aos esforços, exercícios, espirro ou tosse -responsável por quase metade dos casos, principalmente devido a razões anatômicas, mudanças hormonais e consequências de part...

Brazilian researchers have not been provided with instruments with which to investigate body image avoidance behaviors. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) for Brazil. The translation, synthesis, back-translation, Brazilian questionnaire formulation, and pretest were carried out in the first phase of the study. The study of the scale's psychometric properties was conducted in the second phase of the study. Brazilian BIAQ has 13 items and good adjustment indexes. There was a greater adherence to the sampling data in the model in which the avoidance of body image is maintained by control strategies, by the refusal of body exposure, and by strategies that accommodate tension. This work is expected to enable the comparison of international data and the performance of multicultural studies on body avoidance behavior, expanding research possibilities in Brazil and worldwide.

Body checking is considered an expression of an excessive preoccupation with appearance. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ). Additionally, we wanted to examine the questionnaire’s associations with body avoidance behaviour, body mass index, dietary habits, and the intensity, frequency, and length of physical exercise. Finally, we also examined the differences between the total BCQ score and the individual BCQ factor scores. Differences between active and sedentary persons and between non-dieters and those on weight-loss diets were also analyzed. For the psychometric study, 546 female public university students from four different courses were surveyed. Two minor samples of university students and eating disorders women were also recruited. In the second part of the study, 403 women were recruited from weight-loss programs, gyms, and a university. All participants were verbally invited to participate in the research and voluntarily took part. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to the original model of the Brazilian BCQ that retained all 23 items. Satisfactory evidence of construct validity and internal consistency were also generated through analysis of factor loadings, t-values, Cronbach’s alpha, and construct reliability tests. The results also showed associations among body checking and body avoidance, body satisfaction, social anxiety, body mass index, and the frequency and intensity of physical exercise. Significant differences were found between non-dieters and weight-loss dieters for all BCQ factors and the total BCQ score. For physically active and sedentary persons, a significant difference was only observed for idiosyncratic checking behaviour. In conclusion, the BCQ appears to be a valid and reliable scale for Brazilian research, and the associations and differences found in this study suggest that women at gyms and especially in weight-loss programs should be targeted for future body checking studies.

108Campana ANNB et al. Associations and differences between men and women on the acceptance of cosmetic plastic surgery in BrazilAssociações e diferenças entre homens e mulheres na aceitação de cirurgia plástica estética no Brasil ABSTRACT Background: Brazil ranks third among all countries in the number of cosmetic plastic sur gery procedures performed per year. The objective of this study was to examine the re lationship between acceptance of plastic surgery and bodily satisfaction, internalization of media messages, and other psychosocial variables in a convenience sample of male and female Brazilian adults. Methods: Non-probabilistic sampling was used to select a sample (n = 198) of an equal number of men and women for voluntary participation. All participants completed 5 study instruments that collected data used to perform correlation and variance analyses at a 95% level of significance. Results: A significant association between acceptance of cosmetic plastic surgery and the variables of internalization of media messages and bodily appreciation was found in both sexes. A significant association between acceptance of cosmetic plastic surgery and life satisfaction was found only in women. Except for differences regarding the decision to undergo surgery after having considered the risks, no other differences regarding the acceptance of cosmetic plastic surgery in general were found between men and women. Conclusions: Despite the small sample examined in this study, the findings largely accord with international observations and are expected to contribute to further understanding of the demand for cosmetic plastic surgery in Brazil.Keywords: Surgery, plastic. Propaganda. Personal satisfaction. RESUMO Introdução: O Brasil é o terceiro país no mundo em número de cirurgias plásticas estéticas.O objetivo deste estudo é verificar as correlações entre a aceitação de cirurgia plástica, a satisfação com o corpo e a internalização de mensagens midiáticas e outras variáveis psicossociais em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros, de ambos os sexos. Método: A amostragem foi não-probabilística, voluntária, composta por 198 pessoas, sendo 50% mulheres, que responderam os 5 instrumentos desta pesquisa. Na análise dos dados, foram usados testes de correlação e variância, com significância de 95%. Resultados: Há correlações significantes entre aceitação de cirurgia plástica estética, internalização da mídia e apreciação corporal, em ambos os sexos. A aceitação de cirurgia plástica estética correlaciona-se com a satisfação com a vida apenas entre as mulheres. Não há diferenças entre os sexos quanto à aceitação de cirurgia plástica estética de uma forma geral, apenas especificamente quanto à decisão de se submeter a cirurgia após análise dos riscos. Conclusões: Os dados da amostra apontam convergência com observações internacionais e, apesar da amostra restrita, espera-se contribuir para a compreensão ampliada da procura de cirurgia plástica estética em nosso País.Descritores: Cirurgia plástica. Propaganda. Satisfação pessoal.

A modelagem de Equações Estruturais é uma técnica estatística multivariada que permite avaliar, simultaneamente, relações entre múltiplos construtos. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os princípios desta abordagem, seus elementos, características, etapas de execução e limitações. Por fim, apresentamos perspectivas futuras e possibilidades de uso da técnica nas pesquisas em Educação Física.Palavras-chave: modelos de equações estruturais, análise de dados multivariados, educação física Structural Equations Modeling: Presentation of a multivariate statistical approach to research in Physical EducationStructural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical technique for assessing, simultaneously, relationships between multiple constructs. The aim of this paper is to present the principles of this approach, its elements, its characteristics, its stages of implementation and its limitations. Finally, we present future perspectives and possibilities of applying this statistical technique in studies of Physical Education.