The authors argue that complementary hostile and benevolent components of sexism exist across cultures. Male dominance creates hostile sexism (HS), but men's dependence on women fosters benevolent sexism (BS)--subjectively positive attitudes that put women on a pedestal but reinforce their subordination. Research with 15,000 men and women in 19 nations showed that (a) HS and BS are coherent constructs that correlate positively across nations, but (b) HS predicts the ascription of negative and BS the ascription of positive traits to women, (c) relative to men, women are more likely to reject HS than BS, especially when overall levels of sexism in a culture are high, and (d) national averages on BS and HS predict gender inequality across nations. These results challenge prevailing notions of prejudice as an antipathy in that BS (an affectionate, patronizing ideology) reflects inequality and is a cross-culturally pervasive complement to HS.

Men and women in Turkey and Brazil completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and measures of attitudes about wife abuse. In both nations hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS) positively correlated with attitudes that legitimize abuse. Regression analyses revealed that HS accounted for unique variance, but BS (once HS was controlled) was unrelated to wife abuse attitudes. These results: (a) add to the evidence for the cross-cultural validity of ambivalent sexism, (b) suggest that HS supports the justification of violence against wives, and (c) imply that the ostensible protectiveness of BS is contingent, failing to shield women from abuse if they are deemed to have challenged a husband's authority or violated conventional gender roles.Men who hold favorable attitudes about the use of force and coercion in relationships are more likely to resort to their actual use (Malamuth, 1986). Given the disturbing prevalence of domestic abuse, it is important to understand the precursors of such attitudes, which include sexist beliefs about women. Lonsway and Fitzgerald (1995) have suggested, however, that it is not sexism itself (traditional attitudes about women's rights and roles) that predicts domestic violence, but hostility toward women, which covaries with most measures of sexism. Recently, Fiske (1996, 2001) have developed a measure, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), which distinguishes between sexist beliefs that are subjectively positive versus negative toward women. Benevolent sexism (BS) is a subjectively affectionate and protective attitude that idealizes women in traditional roles, whereas hostile sexism (HS) expresses antagonism toward women who are perceived as violating traditional roles or challenging male dominance.Although research relating HS and BS to attitudes about domestic violence is in its infancy, initial evidence with an undergraduate sample in Turkey suggests that both HS and BS correlate with more favorable attitudes toward the use of physical force, though BS drops out as a predictor once HS is controlled (Sakallı, 2001). The relationship of HS to attitudes that legitimate wife abuse is unsurprising. In contrast, BS might be expected to exert a prophylactic effect because it promises male protectiveness and affection, especially toward women to whom men are romantically attached. This promise of protection, however, may ring hollow. In a large cross-cultural study involving 19 nations, Glick et al. (2000) found that HS and BS tend to be positively correlated, both (to a modest degree) at the individual level and (quite strongly) at the national level of analysis. Furthermore, across nations, both HS and BS scores are inversely related to gender equality. These findings suggest that HS and BS are complementary tools of control, with BS representing the "carrot" women are offered for complying to traditional roles and HS the "stick" that threatens women with punishment should they not defer to men.More specifically, Glick, Diebold, Bailey-Werner, and Zhu (19...

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RESUMO -O presente trabalho faz um balanço do estado atual da Psicologia Social, no plano nacional e internacional. Para tanto, faz uma revisão inicial das principais tendências que marcaram a evolução da Psicologia Social na América do Norte, para, em seguida, apresentar as características atuais mais relevantes dessa disciplina na América do Norte, na Europa e na América Latina. Em seguida, detém-se na análise da recente produção brasileira em Psicologia Social. À guisa de conclusão, discute os desafios futuros que se colocam à produção nacional na área de Psicologia Social, especialmente no que diz respeito a seu impacto no cenário acadêmico internacional.Palavras-chave: Psicologia Social; Psicologia Social Psicológica; Psicologia Social Sociológica; Psicologia Social Crítica. Contemporary Social Psychology: National and International Main Trends and PerspectivesABSTRACT -This paper revises the current state of the art of Social Psychology in Brazil and abroad. For such, it initially reviews the main trends that influenced the evolution of North American Social Psychology, and presents the most relevant current characteristics of the discipline in North America, Europe and Latin America. Then, an analysis of the recent Brazilian publications in Social Psychology is offered. In conclusion, it discusses the future challenges of Brazilian scientific production in the area of Social Psychology, especially with respect to its impact on the international academic scenario.

We investigated the impact of transactional and transformational leadership styles on organizational citizenship behaviors. The sample consisted of 213 workers of both genders who answered the Multifactorial Leadership Scale and the Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) Scale. The multiple linear regression showed that: the transactional leadership style positively predicted the OCB dimension associated to the creation of a climate favorable to the organization in the external environment; the transformational leadership style positively predicted the dimensions of OCB associated to the creative suggestions related to the system; to the creation of a favorable organizational climate in the external environment; to self-training and to cooperation among colleagues; transformational leadership style showed greater predictive power on OCB than transactional leadership. It was concluded that transformational leaders are more capable to lead their subordinates in order to take actions that go beyond their prescribed roles.

ResumoO estudo comparou os mecanismos atribuicionais utilizados por alunos brasileiros, argentinos e mexicanos, ao explicarem o sucesso e fracasso escolar. A amostra compôs-se de 1594 estudantes de bom ou mau rendimento escolar, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 14 e 20 anos e pertencentes a escolas públicas e particulares de ensino médio, que responderam a um questionário sobre as causas de seu próprio desempenho, do de seus colegas, de alunos de outro tipo de escola e de outras nacionalidades. Os três grupos nacionais adotaram prioritariamente o esforço como causa explicativa do próprio sucesso e fracasso escolar e do de outros alunos, embora tenham ocorrido diferenças entre os padrões atribuicionais, em função da nacionalidade, sexo e tipo de escola. Tais resultados são discutidos com base nos vieses atribuicionais associados à tendência auto-servidora e ao erro fundamental de atribuição e nas peculiaridades culturais que caracterizam os três países. Palavras-chave: Atribuição de causalidade; desempenho escolar; estudo transcultural. Causal Attribution to Success and Failure in School: A Transcultural Study Brazil-Argentin-Mexico AbstractThe attributional mechanisms used by Brazilian, Argentinean and Mexican students to explain the academic success and failure were compared. The sample consisted of 1594 high school students of both sexes separated into either high or low achievement groups, attending either public or private institutions. They were asked to indicate the causes of their own performance, of their classmates, of students from a different kind of school and of students from another country. Effort was chosen by the majority of students from the three national groups as an explanation of either success or failure of their own, of other students from the same country and of students from different countries, albeit observed differences in attributional patterns as a function of nationality, sex and type of school. These results are discussed based both on the self-serving attributional bias and the fundamental attribution error theoretical framework, by taking into account the cultural peculiarities of the three countries which participated in the study. Keywords: Causal attribution; academic performance; transcultural study. econômico e social. À falta de políticas públicas que dêem continuidade a projetos de superação gradativa do analfabetismo e promovam a sedimentação de programas de combate aos déficits na formação básica das crianças e adolescentes, mantêm-se bastante elevados os índices de evasão e de repetência escolar.No Brasil, são tão alarmantes as estatísticas sobre a extensão da crise por que passa a educação nos últimos 50 anos, que melhor seria descrevê-la como afetada por um 1 Endereço para correspondência:

As inter-relações do envolvimento religioso com o bem-estar subjetivo em idosos foram investigadas neste trabalho. Participaram da pesquisa 256 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idades variando de 60 a 90 anos, que responderam a três instrumentos destinados a mensurar sua satisfação com a vida, seus afetos positivos e negativos e seu envolvimento religioso bem como a perguntas de natureza sociodemográfica. Os resultados evidenciaram que, dentre as dimensões do envolvimento religioso, apenas a religiosidade subjetiva se correlacionou positiva e significativamente com a satisfação com a vida, que não foram observadas correlações entre o envolvimento religioso e os afetos positivos e negativos, e que os idosos protestantes apresentaram níveis mais elevados de afetos positivos que os católicos. Tais resultados são discutidos à luz dos estudos empíricos e dos modelos conceituais que deram suporte à pesquisa.

O estudo investigou a relação entre o processo sucessório e a cultura organizacional em uma empresa familiar brasileira, estabelecida há 23 anos no ramo de distribuição de alimentos, bebidas e produtos de limpeza, a qual foi dividida em três unidades para atender aos propósitos da pesquisa. Na unidade 1, a administração dos negócios era compartilhada pelo filho do dono e fundador e por um diretor regional com larga experiência na organização. Na unidade 2, a administração era compartilhada pelo filho do fundador e por um diretor regional recrutado no mercado para o cargo. A unidade 3 estava sendo gerenciada pelo filho do fundador com a presença direta dele, que ainda participava dos processos decisórios. Um total de 197 trabalhadores pertencentes às três unidades responderam a um questionário destinado a avaliar suas percepções sobre os valores e práticas que tipificavam a organização. Os resultados indicaram que as percepções dos membros da unidade cujo gerenciamento estava sendo compartilhado pelo sucessor do fundador e pelo profissional recrutado no mercado se apresentaram significativamente diferentes das percepções mantidas pelos membros das outras duas unidades. Concluiu-se que a origem, o treinamento e a experiência profissional do sucessor são fatores que podem afetar a cultura organizacional de uma empresa familiar.