Culture shapes the meaning of race and, consequently, who is placed into which racial categories. Three experiments conducted in the United States and Brazil illustrated the cultural nature of racial categorization. In Experiment 1, a target’s racial ancestry influenced Americans’ categorizations but had no impact on Brazilians’ categorizations. Experiment 2 showed cultural differences in the reliance on two phenotypic cues to race; Brazilians’ categorizations were more strongly determined by skin tone than were Americans’ categorizations, and Americans’ categorizations were more strongly determined by other facial features compared to Brazilians' categorizations. Experiment 3 demonstrated cultural differences in the motivated use of racial categories. When the racial hierarchy was threatened, only Americans more strictly enforced the Black–White racial boundary. Cultural forces shape the conceptual, perceptual, and ideological construal of racial categories.

Resumo O presente artigo descreve como os quatro conceitos-chave da Teoria Bioecológica do Desenvolvimeno Humano (processo, pessoa, contexto e tempo) se fazem presentes na metodologia denominada Inserção Ecológica. Tem o objetivo de proporcionar algumas linhas de ação que podem auxiliar equipes de pesquisa na utilização desta proposta em seus projetos de pesquisa. Para isso, foi realizada uma breve comparação entre a Inserção Ecológica e outras metodologias que valorizam o contexto da investigação, e que partem de referenciais teóricos diferentes. Além disso, são apresentados e discutidos estudos que utilizaram a Inserção Ecológia a fim de estabelecer alguns pontos em comum e definir aspectos que possam ser considerados características fundamentais a essa proposta metodológica. Palavras-chave: Método; desenvolvimento humano; modelo teórico-metodológico. AbstractThis article describes how the four key concepts of the Bioecological Theory of Human Development (process, person, context and time) are present in the Ecological Engagement methodology. The goal is to provide some lines of action that may guide research teams to use this proposal in their projects. A brief comparison is performed between the Ecological Engagement and other methodologies, which value the concept of investigation and have distinct theoretical references. Moreover, other studies that used the Ecological Engagement are presented and discussed in order to establish some common points and to define aspects that may be considered as fundamental characteristics of this methodological proposal.

As terapias de reposição hormonal assim como as novas moléculas (sildenafil, tadalafil) que lutam contra as disfunções da ereção revelaram a demanda crescente na área da saúde sexual na segunda metade da vida. Entretanto, o lugar da sexualidade no processo de envelhecimento constitui um assunto particularmente contaminado por preconceitos. A complementaridade entre a teoria sociológica e a teoria psicanalítica permite esclarecer a dupla natureza deste fenômeno, em que o recalcamento intrapsíquico é fruto, em primeiro lugar, dos ideais culturais interiorizados. Com o propósito de uma comparação transcultural, procedeu-se à aplicação de um questionário amplo a duas amostras, uma brasileira e outra portuguesa, de maneira a caracterizar conhecimentos, atitudes, crenças e práticas sobre a vivência do corpo e da sexualidade de 187 pessoas entre 52 e 90 anos gozando de boa saúde física e mental.

Background Depression is a common and recurrent condition among older adults and is associated with poor quality of life and increased health care utilization and costs. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of delivering a psychosocial intervention targeting depression, and to develop the procedures to conduct a cluster randomized controlled trial among older adults registered with primary care clinics in poor neighbourhoods of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods We conducted a pilot study of a two-arm cluster, non-randomized controlled trial. Two primary care clinics adhering to the Family Health Strategy were allocated to either the intervention or the control arm. In the control arm, patients received enhanced usual care consisting of staff training for improved recognition and management of depression. In the intervention arm, alongside the enhanced usual care, patients received a 17-week psychosocial intervention delivered by health workers assisted with an application installed in a tablet. Results We randomly selected 579 of 2020 older adults registered in the intervention clinic to participate in the study. Among these individuals, 353 were assessed for depression and 40 (11.0%) scored at least 10 on the PHQ-9 and were therefore invited to participate. The consent rate was 33/40 (82%) with a resulting yield of 33/579 (5.7%). In the control arm, we randomly selected 320 older adults among 1482 registered in the clinic, 223 were assessed for depression and 28 (12.6%) scored 10 or above on the PHQ-9. The consent rate was 25/28 (89%), with a resulting yield of 25/320 (7.8%). Of the 33 who consented in the intervention arm, 19 (59.4%) completed all sessions. The mean PHQ-9 at follow-up (approximately 30 weeks after inclusion) were 12.3 ( SD = 3.7) and 3.8 ( SD = 3.9) in the control and intervention arms, respectively. Follow-up rates were 92 and 94% in control and intervention arms, respectively. Conclusions Identification and engagement of clinics, randomization, recruitment of individuals, measures, and baseline and follow-up assessments all proved to be feasible in primary care clinics in São Paulo, Brazil. Results support the development of a definitive cluster randomized controlled trial. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered with Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC), number RBR-5nf6wd . Registered 06 August 2018.

Self-regulatory trainings can be an effective complementary treatment for mental health disorders. We investigated the effects of a six-week-focused meditation training on emotion and attention regulation in undergraduates randomly allocated to a meditation, a relaxation, or a wait-list control group. Assessment comprised a discrimination task that investigates the relationship between attentional load and emotional processing and self-report measures. For emotion regulation, results showed greater reduction in emotional interference in the low attentional load condition in meditators, particularly compared to relaxation. Only meditators presented a significant association between amount of weekly practice and the reduction in emotion interference in the task and significantly reduced image ratings of negative valence and arousal, perceived anxiety and difficulty during the task, and state and trait-anxiety. For attention regulation, response bias during the task was analyzed through signal detection theory. After training, meditation and relaxation significantly reduced bias in the high attentional load condition. Importantly, there was a dose-response effect on general bias: the lowest in meditation, increasing linearly across relaxation and wait-list. Only meditators reduced omissions in a concentrated attention test. Focused meditation seems to be an effective training for emotion and attention regulation and an alternative for treatments in the mental health context.

RESUMO -Buscou-se identificar os tipos predominantes de discriminação contra idosos que ocorrem no Brasil, bem como o nível de estresse que lhes está associado. Compararam-se também os resultados da amostra brasileira aos de duas amostras de referência, uma americana e uma portuguesa. Participaram 111 indivíduos, os quais responderam a um questionário biosociodemográfico e ao Ageism Survey, que integra itens relativos a estereótipos negativos, atitudes e comportamentos de discriminação face ao idoso. Os resultados revelaram que os tipos de discriminação predominantes foram os relativos aos contextos sociais e de saúde. Quanto ao nível de estresse, a maior parte dos itens apresentou uma baixa média de estresse. Isso pode indicar que a vivência de discriminação nem sempre se associa explicitamente ao estresse.Palavras-chave: discriminação; idoso; Ageism Survey; Brasil; estresse. An Assessment of the Discrimination against Older Persons in the Brazilian Context -AgeismABSTRACT -This study measured the prevalence of ageism in Brazil, as well as the stress level that is associated to it. Also, the Brazilian sample was compared to other two reference samples, an American and a Portuguese one. All participants (111 individuals) answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Ageism Survey, which is composed by items related to negative stereotypes, attitudes and elderly discrimination behavior. The results showed that the discrimination occurs more in social contexts, followed by those that occur in health contexts. As for the stress evaluation associated to the episodes of discrimination, in general, the mean of the items associated to stress was low. This may indicate that, for this sample, experiencing discrimination is not always related to stress.Keywords: discrimination; older people; Ageism Survey; Brazil; stress. A estrutura etária da população brasileira tem se modificado nos últimos anos. Se, por um lado, as baixas taxas de fertilidade e a contínua queda da mortalidade têm provocado mudanças nessa estrutura, por outro, o advento de novas tecnologias e as melhorias na prestação de cuidados de saúde têm favorecido um aumento extraordinário da expectativa de vida populacional. Entretanto, essa conquista é acompanhada, sobretudo, nas sociedades ocidentais, pela ilusão de que o envelhecimento, se não pode ser evitado, pode ou deve ser retardado o mais possível. O culto da juventude é, assim, cada vez mais reforçado, e a velhice é permeada por estereótipos e preconceitos que a reduzem a uma fase de declínio e perdas.O processo de envelhecimento constitui-se em um fenômeno biopsicossocial fortemente influenciado pela cultura e pelas condições e contextos de vida. Para além da heterogeneidade resultante das influências socioculturais, os pesquisadores enfatizam o fato de o envelhecimento ser um processo altamente individualizado, pelo que variáveis pessoais diversas têm um peso cumulativo no percurso de vida de cada um e, também, nos limites e contornos do seu envelhecimento. Assim, acresce ao contexto cultural e s...

ResumoO objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre os estudos com foco em preconceito racial publicados pela Psicologia brasileira. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados SciELO (Scientifi c Eletronic Library Online), PePSIC, Index Psi, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), e PsycINFO, utilizando os termos "racismo" ou "preconceito racial". O banco fi nal incluído na análise foi constituído por 77 artigos, 35 teóricos e 42 empíricos, publicados desde 2001. A Psicologia Social, em suas mais variadas vertentes, foi a base teórica mais utilizada. O tema mais frequente nos artigos empíricos foram as cotas de acesso ao ensino superior. Já os teóricos investigaram temas como as origens do preconceito racial e suas formas de expressão, as consequências do preconceito para as vítimas de racismo, e as infl uências de teorias raciais no desenvolvimento da Psicologia, entre outros. Foram identifi cadas algumas lacunas na descrição metodológica dos estudos nacionais, principalmente no que diz respeito à caracterização de participantes, instrumentos e procedimentos adotados. Também foi constatada a necessidade de um incremento na realização de pesquisas que visem a compreender como o preconceito racial se desenvolve em crianças no contexto brasileiro. São escassas, ainda, pesquisas que tenham como foco adultos não-universitários e pessoas que pertençam a grupos discriminados. Além disso, apenas um estudo utilizou medidas implícitas de atitude. O número relativamente baixo de pesquisas da Psicologia brasileira sobre preconceito racial publicadas, assim como as lacunas identifi cadas, revelam que, longe de estar saturada, a área ainda tem muito a se desenvolver no país. Palavras-chave:Preconceito racial, racismo, discriminação, revisão sistemática. AbstractThe purpose of this study was to systematically review Brazilian psychological studies focusing on racial prejudice. A search was conducted in the databases SciELO (Scientifi c Eletronic Library Onli-1 Endereço para correspondência: Colegiado de Psicologia,

In this study, we investigated endorsement of two types of prescriptive views of aging, namely active aging (e.g., prescriptions for older adults to stay fit and healthy and to maintain an active and productive lifestyle) and altruistic disengagement (e.g., prescriptions for older adults to behave altruistically toward the younger generation by granting young people access to positions and resources). The study comprised a large international sample of middle-aged and older adults (N = 2,900), covering the age range from 40 to 90 years. Participants rated their personal endorsement of prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement targeting older adults in general (i.e., “In my personal opinion, older adults should…”). Findings showed that endorsement was higher for prescriptions for active aging than for prescriptions for altruistic disengagement. Age groups in the sample differed regarding their endorsement of both prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement with older adults showing higher endorsement than middle-aged adults did. Prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement related positively to each other and to the superordinate social belief that older adults should not become a burden, which attests to their functional similarity. In contrast, prescriptive views of active aging and altruistic disengagement were associated with psychological adjustment in opposite ways, with endorsement of active aging (vs. altruistic disengagement) being related to better (vs. worse) adjustment outcomes such as life satisfaction and subjective health. Our findings highlight the internalization of prescriptive views of aging in older people and their implications for their development and well-being.