This article presents an overview of empirical research on the role of observer variables in rape victim blaming (female attacked by a male perpetrator). The focus is on literature from the last 15 years. The variables observer gender, ambivalent sexism, rape myth acceptance, and rape empathy are discussed in relation to victim blaming. Most research on rape is conducted using diverse methods and approaches that result in a great disparity regarding the role of these variables in predicting blame assignments. Despite the inconsistencies, most studies show that men hold the victim more responsible for her own victimization than women. Findings further indicate that higher scores on sexist ideologies and rape myth acceptance predict higher victim blame, and that higher rape empathy scores predict lower victim blame. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Rape-Victim Empathy Scale (REMV) in a sample of 250 Portuguese participants. This instrument was originally developed by Smith and Frieze (2003) to assess how individuals feel about the victim during and after rape. An exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation was conducted on a 13-item scale, confirming the two-factor solution obtained in the original scale. Both subscales (during and post rape) were positively related and no correlations were found between rape victim and perpetrator empathy. No significant gender differences were shown regarding empathy towards the victim, but men were more empathetic towards the perpetrator than women. The implications of the results are discussed
from English into Portuguese using the forward-backward translation method and administered to a sample of 551 Portuguese workers. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to test the replicability of the scale. The results confirmed the expected two-factor structure: harmonious passion and obsessive passion. However, the initial criterion of the replication of the factorial structure based on item factor loadings was not fulfilled. Criterion-related validity was tested by correlations with passion and job satisfaction. Regarding internal consistency, adequate alpha coefficients were obtained for both factors.Key words: Passion Scale; Job Satisfaction; Exploratory Factor Analysis; Positive Psychology.La pasión se define como una fuerte tendencia hacia una actividad que las personas gustan, que consideran importante y en la que están dispuestas a invertir tiempo y energía. Dada la falta de instrumentos específicos para medir niveles de pasión en el trabajo en Portugal, el objetivo de este estudio es adaptar y validar la versión portuguesa de la Escala de Pasión. Tras la traducción del inglés al portugués mediante el método forward-backward, la escala fue aplicada a 551 trabajadores portugueses. Mediante análisis factoriales exploratorios se comprobó la replicabilidad de la escala.Los resultados confirmaron la estructura bifactorial esperada: pasión armoniosa y pasión obsesiva; no obstante, no se cumplió el criterio básico de replicación de la estructura factorial, basado en las cargas factoriales de los ítems. La validez de criterio fue comprobada a través de correlaciones entre pasión y satisfacción en el trabajo y, en relación a la consistencia interna, se obtuvieron adecuados índices de fiabilidad para ambos factores.
Título: Júzgame, no me juzgues: el rol del tamaño ocular y el género del observador en la violación por un conocido Resumen: El propósito de este estudio fue examinar el efecto del tamaño ocular y el género del observador en la atracción inicial percibida, honestidad, y atribuciones de responsabilidad en la violación. Se probó un diseño experimental 3 (tamaño del ojo: pequeño vs. normal vs. grande) x 2 (género del observador: masculino vs. femenino). Noventa participantes (45 mujeres y 45 hombres) observaron una de tres caras femeninas asignadas al azar (con manipulación del tamaño de los ojos), y puntuaron la honestidad y atractivo inicial. Entonces se les pidió que leyeran un escenario de violación por conocido con una mujer tradicional, puntuando la responsabilidad de la víctima y del agresor. Se demostró que el tamaño del ojo afecta a todas las variables del estudio: el rostro femenino con ojos grandes fue visto como más atractivo y honesto, se consideró menos responsable de su propia victimización, y el delincuente se vio como más responsable. El género se ha demostrado que afecta a la percepción de atracción inicial y a la responsabilidad de la víctima. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas Palabras clave: Violación por un conocido; tamaño de los ojos; género del observador; atribución de responsabilidad; atractivo; honestidad. Abstract:The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eye size and observer gender on perceived initial attraction, honesty, and attributions of responsibility for rape. A 3 (eye size: small vs. normal vs. large) x 2 (observer gender: female vs. male) experimental design was tested. Ninety participants (45 women and 45 men) observed one of three randomly assigned female faces (with eye size manipulation), and rated initial attraction and honesty. They were then asked to read an acquaintance rape scenario with a traditional woman, rating the victim and perpetrator responsibility. Eye size was shown to affect all the study variables: the female face with large eyes was seen as more attractive and honest, was held less responsible for her own victimization, and the offender was held more responsible. Gender was proven to affect perceived initial attraction and victim responsibility. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
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