Resumo:O presente artigo tem por objetivo servir de introdução ao estudo de uma linguística africana em português, pré-saussureana, que começou a ser escrita no século XVII. Focalizou-se aqui o quimbundo, na medida em que essa língua foi objeto de descrições entre os séculos XVII e XIX, o que permite acompanhar as mudanças introduzidas na descrição linguística ao longo do período. Palavras-chave: tradição gramatical -línguas africanas -quimbundo -séculos XVII-XIX Abstract:This paper aims at introducing the study of a pre-saussurean African linguistics written in Portuguese. Kimbundu was focused here, as this language was the subject of descriptions between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, which allows us to follow the changes introduced in the linguistic description throughout the period.
Which principIes used"to guide the punctuation ofthe Portuguese language when there were no Portuguese grammars, but, as nowadays, there was already a printing activity which made available texts in this language to a great amount of people? The most simple answer to this question is that they were available in those Latin grammars in use. We have tried to demonstrate, based on the study of two marks of punctuation in use at that time -the comma and the colon -that this answer must be better elaborated: the solution the printing houses carne to was not only to transfer the established principIes for the Latin grammar into Portuguese, but to restructure them to the Portuguese language, which supported the appearence of a new unit in the writing system: the ortographic sentence.
In this paper I explore the reflection of the religious context in the concept of universal grammar as it is presented in four missionary grammars written by Jesuit priests in Brazil: Anchieta (1595), Figueira (1621?), Dias (1697) e Mamiani (1699). In the last few decades linguists have seen the return of the expression universal grammar to the literature, as a consequence of the influence of Noam Chomsky's work. The hypothesis of a common core for all languages has its roots in a tradition which goes back to the Middle Ages. In the Christian West it was thought that the endowment given by God to Adam was uncovered by the confusion of tongues, as a punishment for the Tower of Babel. Therefore the concept of universality in those grammars has its grounds in a very different framework from the chomskyan UG.
This paper discusses a continuously repeated statement about the traditional grammatical descriptions which says that they reduced the structures of all languages to the structure of Latin. The discussion is based on the analysis of three language descriptions written in the 17th century by Jesuitical missionaries. From these grammatical works a different sense for the expression "identical to Latin" emerges: a set of structural aspects to which the grammarian could not fail to give attention. KeywordsGreek and Latin grammatical tradition, Missionary grammars, 17th century, Society of Jesus, Manuel Álvares, Vernacular languages and standard languages, Pedro Dias, Ludovico Vicenzo Mamiani della Rovere, Heinrich Roth. ResumoEste trabalho discute a afirmação continuamente repetida de que as descrições tradicionais transpuseram cegamente aspectos da gramática latina para a descrição de outras línguas, impondo a estas um molde que as transformava a todas em línguas semelhantes ao latim. Tomando-se para análise três gramáticas missionárias, produzidas para missões jesuítas no século XVII, constata-se que
Key words: plague treatises -Jacobi-Kamintus's treatise -textual transmission -textual tradition -early printingtextual modernizationIn this paper I will try to show that the attested differences among copies of an ancient text was due in part to distinct needs and expectations of the intended audience, and are not, as commonly stated, a necessary result from a poor work in a printing house. For this, I will focus on one of the first known medical works printed in Portuguese, the Regimento proueytoso contra ha pestenença (1496?). Regimento parallels other medical works, and this paper turns its attention to two of them, A Moche profitable treatise against the Pestilence (1534), and Recopilaçam das cousas que conuem guardar se no modo de preseruar à Cidade de Lixboa E os sãos, & curar os que esteuerem enfermos de Peste (1580). The first two treatises are unequivocally part of the same textual tradition, but the same is not true to the third of them, in spite of the fact that Recopilaçam had some of the versions of Regimento as part of its sources.The next section outlines some characteristics of the three treatises. A discussion follows the comparison. MATERIALS AND METHODSNowadays the Portuguese Regimento survives in two copies of the same edition, printed in Lisbon at the end of the XV century by Valentim Fernandes, a German printer who worked in Portugal from 1495 to 1518 (Rosa 1994). One of the copies stands in the Public Library at Évora, and the other, in the library of the ducal palace at Vila Viçosa, both in Portugal.According to Roque (1979), the prime source for the Portuguese Regimento would be the medieval work De pestilentia, written by Johannes Jacobi, a doctor who lived in Montpellier by the XIV century. However, the Portuguese edition, as many others, presents the bishop Roque (1979), Raminto would have established a "syncretical text", the Tractatus de regimine pestilentico, a work in which he added some parts of Jacobi's work, and omitted others.The Regimento proueytoso contra ha pestenença is a translation from Latin, and a translation for a layman distant about a century from Jacobi. Friar Luiz de Raz ( † 1521?), the translator, occupied the Chair of Natural Philosophy at the University of Lisbon, and was a lecturer of Theology at the same University. It is difficult to imagine him as someone whose Latin knowledge was poor, as sometimes has been supported (see Roque 1979 RESULTSRegimento has five chapters in the following order: the prognosis of pestilence, its causes, the remedies against it, the fortifiers (or confortations) of the heart and other organs, and the last chapter, on bloodletting. The English edition has the five chapters present in the Portuguese edition, although the fifth chapter is not numbered and precedes three other parts not numbered, absent from the Portuguese edition: To knowe urine, A remedy for the frenche pockes, and a codicil entitled To the reder.The Portuguese version has no section on urine; besides, it shows a comment on the misleading diagnosis
The two texts presented here--Regimento proueytoso contra ha pestenença [literally, "useful regime against pestilence"] and Modus curandi cum balsamo ["curing method using balm"]--represent the extent of Portugal's known medical library until circa 1530, produced in gothic letters by foreign printers: Germany's Valentim Fernandes, perhaps the era's most important printer, who worked in Lisbon between 1495 and 1518, and Germdo Galharde, a Frenchman who practiced his trade in Lisbon and Coimbra between 1519 and 1560. Modus curandi, which came to light in 1974 thanks to bibliophile José de Pina Martins, is anonymous. Johannes Jacobi is believed to be the author of Regimento proueytoso, which was translated into Latin (Regimen contra pestilentiam), French, and English. Both texts are presented here in facsimile and in modern Portuguese, while the first has also been reproduced in archaic Portuguese using modern typographical characters. This philological venture into sixteenth-century medicine is supplemented by a scholarly glossary which serves as a valuable tool in interpreting not only Regimento proueytoso but also other texts from the era. Two articles place these documents in historical perspective.
Este trabalho focaliza a comunicação na relação médico-paciente, identificando pontos potencialmente geradores de dificuldades linguísticas para o médico. Os aspectos focalizados dizem respeito, primeiramente, ao emprego, pelas partes envolvidas numa situação de comunicação, de variedades linguísticas diferentes; e em segundo lugar, às estratégias discursivas empregadas. Defendemos que, para o médico, é fundamental ter certeza de que compreendeu o problema que lhe foi trazido, mas, para isso, terá de procurar confirmar com o paciente, em diferentes momentos da consulta, sua compreensão das informações que está recebendo e saber passar-lhe, de modo compreensível, seu julgamento da situação clínica e as ações necessárias. As situações que ilustram os problemas aqui referidos fazem parte da experiência profissional dos autores
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