Recebido em 6/11/00; aceito em 25/7/01 MEDICINAL PLANTS: THE NEED FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC STUDIES. This paper presents a program emphasizing ethnopharmacological approaches that could allow great success in the study of medicinal plants. The minimum ethnopharmacological research team should consist of a botanist, a chemist and a pharmacologist with each carrying the responsibility for answering in sequential fashion critical questions. The chemical composition and pharmacological properties of the very efficient medicinal plant Croton cajucara were investigated according to ethnopharmacological approaches. The study with this Croton proved to be both efficient and successful. This happy situation was only possible because a multidisciplinary team was involved getting the research done correctly. The ethnopharmacological study involving one other especies Copaifera will be cited.Keywords: ethnopharmacology; phytochemistry; Croton cajucara; Copaifera.
INTRODUÇÃOO conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais simboliza muitas vezes o único recurso terapêutico de muitas comunidades e grupos étnicos. O uso de plantas no tratamento e na cura de enfermidades é tão antigo quanto a espécie humana. Ainda hoje nas regiões mais pobres do país e até mesmo nas grandes cidades brasileiras, plantas medicinais são comercializadas em feiras livres, mercados populares e encontradas em quintais residenciais. Na região Amazônica foram catalogadas em duas comunidades que vivem nas margens da Baía de Marajó-PA, 260 plantas entre nativas e cultivadas; 1200 são comercializadas no mercado Ver-o-peso, em Belém-PA; outras 242 espécies são cultivadas em quintais residenciais, em Belém 1,2 . As observações populares sobre o uso e a eficácia de plantas medicinais contribuem de forma relevante para a divulgação das virtudes terapêuticas dos vegetais, prescritos com frequência, pelos efeitos medicinais que produzem, apesar de não terem seus constituintes químicos conhecidos. Dessa forma, usuários de plantas medicinais de todo o mundo, mantém em voga a prática do consumo de fitoterápicos, tornando válidas informações terapêuticas que foram sendo acumuladas durante séculos. De maneira indireta, este tipo de cultura medicinal desperta o interesse de pesquisadores em estudos envolvendo áreas multidiciplinares, como por exemplo botânica, farmacologia e fitoquímica, que juntas enriquecem os conhecimentos sobre a inesgotável fonte medicinal natural: a flora mundial.Este artigo focaliza duas das mais importantes plantas medicinais brasileiras da atualidade: Croton cajucara Benth, uma euforbiácea, muito utilizada na medicina popular da região Amazônica, cujo uso vem sendo difundido por todo o país. Esta planta é encontrada em diferentes formulações nas farmácias de produtos naturais do Sudeste; e Copaifera L. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) cujo óleo, conhecido popularmente como óleo de copaíba, pode ser encontrado à venda em quase todas as feiras livres, mercados populares, ervanários e farmácias de produtos naturais de todo o país.O artigo exemplifica ...
This paper reviews the recent literature on synergism, adulteration and risks of using medicinal plants. The use of copaiba and sacaca plants as well as their adulteration and side effects, are also described. In addition, the new regulations on phytotherapeutic registration in Brazil and Europe are discussed.
The effects of two nor-diterpenes, trans-dehydrocrotonin (DCTN) and trans-crotonin (CTN) from Croton cajucara (Euphorbiaceae), on the survival of mice bearing Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma ascitic tumours, on the proliferation of cultured Ehrlich cells and TNF alpha activity were determined. When the mice were treated with 80 and 120 mg/kg of DCTN or 38 mg/kg of 5-FU a significant anti-tumour activity was obtained (%T/C of 128-140). The cytotoxicity against Ehrlich carcinoma was 16 microM for DCTN and CTN whereas the flavonoid quercetin was cytotoxic at 44 microM in 48 h cell culture. No apoptosis was seen on in vitro electrophoresis of DNA extracted from the tumour cells treated with DCTN and CTN. A significant TNF alpha activity was detected in Ehrlich tumour-bearing mice treated with DCTN suggesting an enhanced immune function.
The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of trans-dehydrocrotonin, isolated from the bark of Croton cajucara (Euphorbiaceae), were investigated using several animal models. The trans-dehydrocrotonin produced a significant inhibition of carrageenin-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma in rats. It also inhibited the writhings in mice induced by acetic acid, but did not show a significant effect in the hot-plate test in mice. The LD50 of t-DCTN was 555.0 mg/kg (p.o.) for mice.
trans-Dehydrocrotonin (t-DCTN), a 19-nor-clerodane diterpene isolated from the bark of Croton cajucara Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) demonstrated a significant hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats but not in normal rats, at oral doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight. The drug also effectively lowered the blood sugar levels in glucose fed normal rats. The hypoglycemic effect of t-DCTN was almost comparable to that produced by glibenclamide (2 mg/kg), a clinically useful drug. The results indicate the antihyperglycemic potential of t-DCTN.
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