We examined the factor structure and internal consistency reliability of the Spanish version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire which was applied to a sample of 850 secondary school students. Factor structure investigated by principal components analysis, followed by varimax orthogonal rotation, indicated that a single factor explained 37% of the variance. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was good (Cronbach alpha=.88). We conclude that the Spanish version of the questionnaire, like the English version, has a single factor and high internal consistency reliability.

This research is focused on mnemonic keyword method to enhance vocabulary mastery to the university students. Mnemonic refers to instructional or learning strategies designed specifically to enhance memory. One of the most powerful mnemonic strategies is the key word method. The keyword method is a useful mnemonic aid which can help broaden students' vocabulary by means of speech and ultimately with reading and writing. Then keyword method effective way to provide a meaningful visual image upon which to base memory for a new word's meaning. This research involves twenty students at the first grade. The research instruments of this study are consisted of tests, observation checklist, and a questionnaire. This study was class action research. From the cycle 1 reflection result, some procedures and activities were revised. Different from the cycle 2, the researcher used mnemonic keyword method and there is no reflection. The enhancement of students' vocabulary mastery shows with individual test and got mean score 67.75 in the cycle 1 and 79.75 in the cycle 2.In addition the enhancement of students' vocabulary mastery in group test and got mean score 72.00 in the cycle 1 and increased to be 81.00 in the cycle 2. In this result, it shows there enhancement for vocabulary mastery through mnemonic keyword method in the first grade students at STKIP PGRI Blitar. Introduction Vocabulary is an essential lesson for students to master in English. As a

(y of A CoruñaOne of ¡he main oustanding problems En keyword mnemotechnics is whether tus technique is more effective when the suhjects generate ¡heir own keywords, or when (he keywords are supplied by the experimenter. Both methods have advantages ané disadvantages. An alternative method has recently been suggested, in which the keywords are generated by ¡he subjects peers. In ¡he present study we aimed ¡o investigate whether immediate or delayed recail are affected by keywcrd generation method (experimenter or peer generation). Wc also almed ¡o determine whe¡her ¡he method of keyword generation affects imaging capacity as evaluated by questionnaires or spatial tests. A total of 377 secondary-school sn,dents were selected and divided mío loor groups. Ah subjects were presented with 30 Latin words. Additionally, the subjects in Group ¡ were presented with bizarre images, while ¡he subjects of Group 2 were presented with normal images. in bo¡h cases representing the keywords selecíed by peers as interacting with the Latin words. The subjects En Oroups 3 and 4 were likewise presented with normal or bizarre images. respectively, bul representing ¡he keywords selecred by the experimen¡ers. The subjects' imaging capacity was evaluated by means of (he Vividness of Visual lmagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and the Spatial Test of Primary Mental Abiliries (ST-PMA). The results were analysed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with three factors (ST-PMA imaging capacity, 2 levels; VVIQ imaging capacity, 2 levels; and mnemotechnic meihod, 4 levels) aud dependent variables immediate recail and delayed recall. AII three factors influenced recalí. Subsequent univariate analyses of variance indicated that subjects with high ST-PMA seore and subjects with high VVIQ score showed better immediate aud delayed tecalI ¡han subjects with low ST-PMA seore and subjects with low VVIQ score. Mnemotechnic method (le. whether keywords are generated by (he experimenter or by peers) signifícantly affected immediae recalí bur not delayed recalí. ¡<«y words: keyword ,nethocj, maemonir, drawings, bnagery Uno de los problemas sin resolver en la mnemotecnia de la palabra clave es si ésta resulta más eficaz cuando son los sujetos los que generan sus propias palabras clave o cuando son facilitadas por el experimentador. Los dos métodos tienen ventajas e inconvenientes. Recientemente se ha propuesto una alternativa que consiste en que sean compañeros de los sujetos los que elaboren las palabras clave, alternativa que parece eficaz. En esta investigación se deseaba saber si existía diferencia en el recuerdo inmediato y en el demorado cuando la palabra clave, reforzada con dibujos normales y raros, es elaborada por los experimentadores o cuando es elaborada por compañeros de los sujelos que participan en la investigación. También se deseaba saber si afectaba al recuerdo la capacidad de los sujetos de formar imágenes mentales cuando ésta se evalúa a través de cuestionarios y de pruebas espaciales. Se seleccionó una muestra de 377 estudiantes de ES...

The effectiveness of the mnemonic-keyword method was investigated in 4 experiments in which participants were required to learn the 1st-language (L1, Spanish) equivalents of a list of 30 2nd-language words (L2, Latin). Experiments 1 (adolescents) and 2 (adults) were designed to assess whether the keyword method was more effective than the rote method; the researcher supplied the keyword, and the participants were allowed to pace themselves through the list. Experiments 3 (adolescents) and 4 (adults) were similar to Experiments 1 and 2 except that the participants were also supplied with a drawing that illustrated the relationship between the keyword and the L1 target word. All the experiments were performed with groups of participants in their classrooms (i.e., not in a laboratory context). In all experiments, the rote method was significantly more effective than was the keyword method.

ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio era conocer la imagen que tienen los habitantes de A Coruña sobre su ciudad. Con este fin, se presentó el cuestionario utilizado por Boira (1992), con algunas modificaciones, a un grupo de 130 estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la ciudad de A Coruña (España). Se confirma el papel central de la Torre de Hércules como elemento simbólico y representativo, la asociación de ésta y del mar y las playas con la idea que la mayoría tiene de la ciudad, y la percepción de las plazas de María Pita y de Pontevedra como corazón de la ciudad y como nodo más importante, respectivamente. La ciudad ha sido descrita por muchos participantes como "una ciudad pequeña con todos los servicios cerca". Palabras clave: Imagen pública, ciudad, habitantes, cuestionario. AbstractThis work aimed to study the image of the inhabitants of A Coruña (Spain) in this city. For this purpose, the questionnaire used by Boira (1992), with some modifications, was applied to a group of 130 students from the Faculty of Education at the University of A Coruña (Spain). The results confirm the central role of the Hercules Tower in the image of the city, as a symbolic and representative element, the association of this Tower, the sea and the beaches with the idea that most people have of the city, and the perception of the Maria Pita and Pontevedra Square as the heart of the city and the most important node, respectively. The city has been described by many participants as "a small town with all amenities nearby." Keywords: Public image, city, inhabitants, questionnaire.El término "mapa cognitivo" fue utilizado por primera vez por Tolman (1948), para explicar los procesos de aprendizaje de laberintos en las ratas, asumiendo que había algo parecido a un mapa de rutas que guiaba la conducta del organismo en su medio. Sin embargo, fue el arquitecto Kevin Lynch (1960/2013) el que popularizó el concepto de mapa cognitivo de la ciudad entre los investigadores de diversas disciplinas, interesados en el estudio de la representación espacial ambiental y sus implicaciones (urbanistas, arquitectos, psicólogos, planificadores, geógrafos, etc.) (Carreiras, 1992).Lynch destacó la importancia de un escenario físico capaz de generar una imagen clara ("legible") que actúe como organizador y marco de referencia. Una ciudad legible, según Lynch, sería aquella cuyos elementos (distritos, sendas, lugares sobresalientes…) se pueden identificar y organizar fácilmente en una pauta global. Este arquitecto analizó las zonas centrales de tres ciudades de Estados Unidos (Boston, Nueva Jersey y Los Ángeles), llevando a cabo entrevistas con sus habitantes, y clasificó los contenidos de las imágenes de la ciudad en cinco tipos de elementos: Sendas, bordes, barrios, nodos e hitos.Sendas son las calles, senderos, vías férreas, los conductos que conectan distintas partes de la ciudad, y que para muchos individuos son los elementos preponderantes en su imagen. Bordes son elementos lineales, referencias laterales que, en principio, el in...