Tire rubber particles were mixed randomly with short sisal fibers and hot pressed. Sisal fibers were used as received, mercerized, and mercerized/acetylated. The fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water sorption, and mechanical properties. Thermal stability of the mercerized/acetylated fibers improves (from 200 to 300°C) with respect to the raw fibers, and water sorption is ϳ 20% smaller than for the raw and the mercerized fibers. Tensile strength is unchanged after the chemical treatments. Water sorption, mechanical properties, and SEM evaluated the performance of the tire rubber composites. All composites showed enhanced elastic modulus; increase is dependent on fiber load. Smallest water sorption was obtained in composites with the mercerized/ acetylated fibers. With these fibers at 10% load, the best results were obtained with the smaller tire rubber particles (320 m) and at 5% load with the bigger (740 m) tire rubber particles. Both composites showed ϳ 50% increase in tensile strength when compared to similar composites with raw fibers. SEM of the surface of fracture showed that the adhesion between fiber and rubber was enhanced after both chemical treatments.

e beneficiamento da fibra e termina com a industrialização e confecção de artesanato [1,2,[4][5][6] .A planta do sisal é originária da península de Yucatã, no México, tendo recebido este nome de uma erva nativa chamada zizal-xiu [4] . Em 1834, as primeiras mudas foram levadas para o sul da Flórida (EUA) e a partir de 1892 começaram a ser cultivadas na África. No Brasil, as primeiras mudas de Agave sisalana Perrine foram introduzidas na Bahia em 1903, sendo esta a única espécie do gênero Agave cultivada comercialmente no país [5][6][7] . As fibras são extraídas das folhas, que possuem de 8 a 10 cm de largura e de 150 a 200 cm de comprimento. Da folha se obtém de 3 a 5% do seu peso em fibra. Os 95 a 97% restantes constituem os chamados resíduos do beneficiamento, que são utilizados como adubo orgânico, ração animal e pela indús-tria farmacêutica. As fibras são constituídas de fibrilas ou IntroduçãoO sisal é a principal fibra dura produzida no mundo, correspondendo a aproximadamente 70% da produção comercial de todas as fibras desse tipo. No Brasil, o cultivo do sisal se concentra na região Nordeste, sendo os estados da Bahia, Paraíba e Rio Grande do Norte os principais produtores, com 93,5, 3,5 e 3,0%, respectivamente, da produção nacional [1][2][3] . A agaveicultura se concentra em áreas de pequenos produtores, com predomínio do trabalho familiar. O sisal, além de constituir fonte de renda e emprego para um grande contingente de trabalhadores, é um importante agente de fixação do homem à região semi-árida nordestina, sendo, em algumas dessas regiões, a única alternativa de cultivo com resultados econômicos satisfatórios. A fibra do sisal, beneficiada ou industrializada, representa cerca de 80 milhões de dólares em divisas para o Brasil, além de gerar mais de meio milhão de empregos diretos e indiretos por Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o interesse pelo uso de fibras naturais em materiais compósitos poliméricos tem aumentado significativamente. Neste trabalho foram investigadas as propriedades, químicas, físicas, térmicas e estruturais da fibra de sisal brasileira da variedade Agave sisalana. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade e o desempenho desta fibra para aplicações industriais. Foram realizados ensaios de resistência à tração, análise da composição química, difração de raios X, e estudos por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) ao longo do comprimento da fibra. A fibra de sisal brasileira apresentou propriedades mecânicas e térmicas dentro da faixa relatada na literatura, mostrando-se adequada para ser utilizada em materiais compósitos poliméricos. Palavras-chave: Fibras naturais, compósitos, composição química, caracterização. Chemical and Structural Characterization of Sisal Fibers from Agave sisalana VarietyAbstract: In recent years, the interest in the use of natural fibers in polymeric composite materials has increased significantly. In this work were investigated the structural, thermal, chemical, and physical properties of Brazilian sisal fiber from Agave sisalana variety. Our aim was to evaluate th...

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This work investigated changes in the chemical composition and structure of soybean straw (SS) treated with alkali (NaOH 5% and 17.5%) and bleached with hydrogen peroxide (HO) or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Removal of the amorphous constituents increased the degree of crystallinity and the content of cellulose fibers particularly after reaction with high concentrations of alkali. Treatment with NaOH 17.5% contributed to the allomorph transition from cellulose I to II regardless of the bleaching agent, but HO as bleaching agent promoted more effective delignification. This work also evaluated the potential use of treated and non-treated SS as reinforcement filler in soy protein isolate film (SPI). Films added with treated SS presented higher mechanical resistance, lower elongation at break, and lower solubility in water. Addition of non-treated SS did not affect the properties of the SPI film significantly. The low solubility and the reasonable water vapor permeability of the composite films make them suitable packaging materials for fresh fruit and vegetables.

This study used commercial enzymes to isolate cellulose nanofibrils (CN) and produce sugars from chemically pretreated soybean straw (SS) (stem, leaves, and pods) by alkali (NaOH 5 or 17.5% v/v at 90°C for 1 h or at 30°C for 15 h) and bleaching (NaClO23.3% or H2O24%) pretreatments. Depending on the pretreatment applied to the soybean straw, the yield of CN varied from 6.3 to 7.5 g of CN/100 g of SS regardless of the concentration of the alkaline solution (5 or 17.5%). The CN had diameter of 15 nm, measured over 300 nm in length, and had high electrical stability (zeta potentials ranged from −20.8 to −24.5). Given the XRD patterns, the crystallinity index (CrI) of CN ranged from 45 to 68%, depending on the chemical pretreatment the starting material was submitted to. CN obtained from SS treated with NaOH 17.5% and H2O2(CrI = 45%) displayed better thermal stability probably because a lignin-cellulose complex emerged. The soluble fraction obtained in the first step of CN production contained a large amount of reducing sugars (11.2 to 30.4 g/100 g of SS). SS seems to be a new promising industrial source to produce CN via enzymatic-mechanical treatment, leading to large amounts of reducing sugars for use in bioenergy production.

Cutin is the biopolyester that protects the extracellular layer of terrestrial plants against dehydration and environmental stresses. In this work, cutin was extracted from tomato processing waste and cast into edible films having pectin as a binding agent. The influences of cutin/pectin ratio (50/50 and 25/75), film-forming suspension pH, and casting method on phase dispersion, water resistance and affinity, and thermal and mechanical properties of films were investigated. Dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy revealed that cutin phase aggregation was reduced by simply increasing pH. The 50/50 films obtained by casting neutral-pH suspensions presented uniform cutin dispersion within the pectin matrix. Consequently, these films exhibited lower water uptake and solubility than their acidic counterparts. The cutin/pectin films developed here were shown to mimic tomato peel itself with respect to mechanical strength and thermal stability. Such behavior was found to be virtually independent of pH and casting method.

This study aimed to evaluate reaction conditions for deposition of SiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of cellulose fibers and their influence on moisture adsorption of the hybrid organic-inorganic material formed. SiO2 nanoparticle deposition was carried out with the sol-gel process testing four reaction times (2, 12, 18, and 24h) and three contents of the tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS) precursor (1.9, 4.2 and 8.4g g(-1) of cellulose fiber). Modification time and TEOS content directly influence the amount of Si deposited on the fiber surface, nanoparticle diameter distribution, thermal stability, and resistance to moisture adsorption. There is a tendency of slight increase of nanoparticle size and the amount of Si deposited with increasing reaction time. SiO2 nanoparticles were bonded on the surface of the cellulose fibers and are able to improve thermal stability of the material, increasing onset degradation temperature. The moisture adsorption capacity of the modified cellulose fiber was reduced up to 50%.

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