Energy issues are sensitive for the four Visegrad countries as European Union (EU) member states; thus, this area’s convergence might be problematic for these countries. There is a clear research gap concerning the processes of Europeanization of the energy policy in the Visegrad countries. This article aims to identify and evaluate the progress of four Visegrad countries (V4) in implementing the EU energy goals in the context of the Europeanization. The article uses three main methods: Hellwig’s method, Kendall’s rank concordance coefficient, and k-means clustering. These calculations will allow one to study the Europeanization processes, which means checking the gamma convergence. For calculations, we use the available statistical data from Eurostat for the years 2005–2018. Poland and other Central European countries, including Czechia, and Hungary, largely depend on coal for their energy needs. The empirical results have shown that there have been no significant changes in the classification of EU countries in terms of their fulfillment of the EU climate and energy targets in the analyzed period. This is the case in all EU member states, including the Visegrad Group countries, but except for Poland. This means that the level of Europeanization of the energy policy and its effectiveness is similar in all member states except for Poland, which is becoming a kind of the exception. Throughout the investigating period, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia were close to meeting the set targets and could be rated high compared to the EU countries. Poland, especially since 2015, has been noticeably and increasingly distanced from the other V4 countries. It can be perceived as a gradual drift away from Europeanization of the EU climate and energy policy in Poland.
The objective of the article is to present the concept of evolutionary algorithms and indicates the possibility of their implementation for the needs of the economy, especially the entrepreneurial economy. Research Design & Methods: This conceptual article relies on literature review and desk research. The article elaborates on available literature via a systematic literature review methodology. Findings: The article elaborates on the idea of action and typology of evolutionary algorithms as the broadly applied search and optimisation technique based on Darwin's theory of evolution and modern natural genetics. The article focuses on the examples of evolutionary algorithms application in economics and management. Implications & Recommendations:The current state of applications of evolutionary algorithms for the needs of the economy and business confirms that we still await an implementation breakthrough. The growing interest in evolutionary algorithms in connection with the dynamic development of information technologies may lead to the use of evolutionary algorithms in hybrid systems, which in turn will contribute to significant progress in optimization theory. Contribution & Value Added:The article structures scientific knowledge on the application of evolutionary algorithms in business and economy. The promotion of the application of evolutionary algorithms in economics, finance, and management is mainly limited to journals in operational research, decision-making process, or financial engineering, whereas this article includes entrepreneurship. Article type:conceptual article
In this article, a method of centralised distribution of university e-learning electronic educational resources is proposed. E-learning is seen as a complex organisational hierarchy. The method applied in this article is based on n structured analysis of the problems and objectives of the system. The method considers electronic educational resources for e-learning. The advantages of the proposed method include the timely completion of multi-session e-learning and the availability of a reserve of electronic educational resources.Streszczenie W niniejszym artykule zaproponowano metodę scentralizowanej dystrybucji elektronicznych zasobów edukacyjnych akademickiego e-learningu. E-learning jest postrzegany jako złożona hierarchia organizacyjna. Metoda zastosowana w tym artykule opiera się na analizie struktury problemów i celów systemu. Metoda uwzględnia elektroniczne zasoby edukacyjne dla e-learningu. Zaletami proponowanej metody są między innymi terminowe ukończenie wielosesyjnego e-learningu i dostępność względnej rezerwy elektronicznych zasobów edukacyjnych.Słowa kluczowe: e-learning, elektroniczne zasoby edukacyjne, struktura hierarchiczna
The paper elaborates on the conception of the action and the typology of evolutionaryalgorithms as the broadly used research and optimization technique based on Darwinian Theoryof evolution and modern natural genetics. Evolutionary algorithms are the method that bloomsnowadays, and is successfully used in many research fields (in technologic sciences, life sciences and economics and management sciences). The authors focus on examples of the applications of the evolutionary algorithms to the management sciences.
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