The new proposed criteria derived from multinational data exhibits much improved sensitivity over the ISG criteria while maintaining reasonable specificity. It is proposed that the ICBD criteria to be adopted both as a guide for diagnosis and classification of BD.

ResumoA doença renal crônica é considerada problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. No Brasil, a incidência e a prevalência de falência de função renal estão aumentando; o prognóstico ainda é ruim e os custos do tratamento da doença são altíssimos. Independentemente da etiologia da doença de base, os principais desfechos em pacientes com DRC são as suas complicações (anemia, acidose metabólica, desnutrição e alteração do metabolismo de cálcio e fósforo), decorrentes da perda funcional renal, óbito (principalmente, por causas cardiovasculares) e perda de função renal. Estudos recentes indicam que estes desfechos indesejados podem ser prevenidos ou retardados se a DRC for diagnosticada precocemente e as medidas nefro e cardioprotetoras implementadas o mais rápido possível. O atual estagiamento da doença e uma descrição dessas medidas preventivas são apresentados na presente revisão. Artigo de Revisão introduçãoA nova definição da doença renal crônica (DRC), em uso desde 2002, propiciou um estagiamento da doença que independe da sua causa. A partir desta nova abordagem, ficou evidente que a DRC é muito mais frequente do que até então se considerava e sua evolução clínica está associada a taxas altas de morbimortalidade. 1 Os rins são órgãos fundamentais para a manutenção da homeostase do corpo humano. Assim, não é surpresa constatarmos que, diminuição progressiva da função renal, implique em comprometimento de essencialmente todos os outros órgãos. A função renal é avaliada pela filtração glomerular (FG) e a sua diminuição é observada na Doença Renal Crônica (DRC), associada a perda das funções regulatórias, excretórias e endócrinas do rim. Quando a FG atinge valores muito baixos, inferiores a 15 mL/min/1,73m 2 , estabelece-se o que denominamos falência funcional renal (FFR), ou seja, o estágio mais avançado do continuum de perda funcional progressiva observado na DRC.A DRC é, atualmente, considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. No Brasil, a incidência e a prevalência de FFR estão aumentando, o prognóstico ainda é ruim e os custos do tratamento da doença são altíssimos. O número projetado atualmente para pacientes em tratamento dialítico e com transplante renal no Brasil está próximo dos 120.000, a um custo de 1,4 bilhão de reais. 2 Independentemente da doença de base, os principais desfechos em pacientes com DRC são as suas complicações (anemia, acidose metabólica, alteração do metabolismo mineral e desnutrição), decorrentes da perda funcional renal, óbito (principalmente por causas cardiovasculares) e FFR. Estudos recentes indicam que estes desfechos indesejados podem ser prevenidos ou retardados se a DRC for diagnosticada precocemente e as medidas nefro e cardioprotetoras implementadas precocemente. 1,3-5 Infelizmente, a DRC é subdiagnosticada e tratada inadequadamente, resultando na perda de oportunidade para a implementação de prevenção primária, secundária e terciária, em parte devido à falta de conhecimento da definição e classificação dos estágios da doença, bem como a não utilização de testes s...

IntroductionSarcopenia is a chronic condition that is associated with aging and characterized by a reduction of muscle mass, strength, and function. Sarcopenia is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as cardiovascular complications.ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis and its correlation with clinical and laboratory variables and inflammatory markers.MethodsA total of 100 patients of both sexes aged over 18 were evaluated. Sarcopenia was defined using the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project. Sociodemographic and clinical data, activities of daily living, functional capacity, and physical activity were also evaluated. Inflammation was assessed by the serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin (IL) 4 and 6.ResultsThe prevalence of sarcopenia was 11.9% and 28.7% using the EWGSOP and FNIH criteria, respectively. Sarcopenia was more prevalent in the more advanced stages of CKD (34.5% in stages 2 and 3A; and 65.5% in stages 3B, 4, and 5) and associated with worse performance in activities of daily living (p = 0.049), lower walking speeds (p < 0.001), and higher body mass indexes (BMIs) (p = 0.001) in the non-adjusted model. In addition, patients with sarcopenia had lower functional capacity (p = 0.012) and higher prevalence of physical inactivity (p = 0.041) compared with patients without sarcopenia. After adjustment for confounding variables, sarcopenia was still significantly correlated with walking speed (p = 0.004) and BMI (p = 0.002). HsCRP levels were inversely correlated with appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI (p = 0.007) and were also positively associated with BMI (p = 0.001). IL4 levels were positively correlated with walking speed (p = 0.007) and lean mass in the lower limbs (p = 0.022).ConclusionsSarcopenia is common in patients with CKD, particularly in the most advanced stages of the disease. We observed an association between the levels of inflammatory markers and peripheral lean body mass, physical performance, and BMI. This association between sarcopenia and modifiable factors highlights the importance of early diagnosis and the implementation of therapeutic measures to minimize adverse outcomes in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis.

At present, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is broadly defined on the basis of changes in the glomerular filtration rate and/or the presence of parenchymal damage present for at least 3 months. Although the diagnosis of CKD is now quite straightforward, the proportion of patients with endstage renal disease seen by a nephrologist for the first time immediately before the initiation of dialysis is still unacceptable. Early diagnosis and immediate nephrology referral are key steps in management because enable predialysis education, allow implementation of preventive measures that delay or even halt progression of CKD to end stage renal disease, as well as decrease initial morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss the complexity of CKD and the multiplicity of interventions currently recommended in its secondary prevention, different models of healthcare delivery, and examine the rational and outcomes of patients followed in interdisciplinary care clinics.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the impact of periodontal treatment on serum levels of prohepcidin (the prohormone of hepcidin) and systemic inflammation markers, as well as correlations among these markers, in patients with chronic periodontitis and chronic kidney disease who were not undergoing dialysis.METHODS:We included 56 chronic periodontitis patients, 36 with chronic kidney disease and 20 without systemic diseases and with normal renal function (control group). Chronic kidney disease was defined as suggested by the clinical practice guidelines in the National Kidney Foundation. Chronic periodontitis was defined through clinical attachment level and by probing pocket depth, according to the American Association of Periodontology. The inflammatory markers ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and prohepcidin were evaluated before and 3 months after periodontal treatment.RESULTS:The efficacy of periodontal treatment was confirmed by the improvement in clinical parameters of chronic periodontitis in the control and chronic kidney disease groups. Periodontal treatment resulted in significant reductions in ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and serum prohepcidin levels in both groups. Moreover, in multivariate linear regression, the reduction in prohepcidin after periodontal treatment was significantly and independently associated with interleukin-6 levels in the control group.CONCLUSIONS:By inducing a decline in the systemic inflammatory response and a decrease in serum prohepcidin, successful periodontal treatment may represent an important means of ameliorating the inflammatory burden seen in patients with chronic kidney disease. Trial registration: ISRCTN59866656.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common complication among kidney transplant patients. UTI caused by multi-resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria (ESBL) have largely increased among the hospitalized patient population and especially kidney transplant recipients. We retrospectively studied 83 kidney transplant patients to evaluate the incidence and possible causative conditions of ESBL-related UTI over the last 6 years. ESBL production was determined by the antibiotic susceptibility profile of urine cultures. We compared the incidence in two 3-year periods, 2003-2005 (period 1) and 2006-2008 (period 2). An high incidence of ESBL-related UTI (16.8%) was observed in the posttransplant period performing 31% of the overall UTI incidence, with an increase over the last 3 years from 23.8% to 37.5%. ESBL-related UTI was related to previous episodes of UTI (78.6% vs 29.0%; P < .01) and reoperations (50.0% vs 12.9%; P < .05). We observed a progressively increasing incidence of 13%, 38%, and 45% of ESBL-related UTI among first, second, and third episodes, respectively. Age, gender, HLA mismatches, etiology of chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, acute rejection, induction treatment, and type/level of immunosuppressants were similiar between the groups with or without ESBL-related UTI. We observed a high increased incidence of ESBL-related UTI among kidney transplant recipients, and particularly patients with recurrent UTI.

CP is more severe and is associated with increased frequency of C. albicans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola in patients with CKD.