RESUMO -Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, organizados de acordo com os dias em lactação, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes protéicas na dieta sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a produção e composição do leite. Utilizou-se silagem de milho como volumoso, na proporção de 60% da MS total. Os concentrados foram constituídos de diferentes fontes protéicas (FS -farelo de soja; FA38 -farelo de algodão 38% PB; FA28 -farelo de algodão 28% PB e FSU -farelo de soja + 5% de uréia/sulfato de amônia na MS do concentrado). Os consumos de MS e MO não diferiram entre as dietas, mas os de NDT foram maiores na dieta controle. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) da MS e MO foram menores para as dietas FA38, FA28 e FSU. A produção de leite (PL), corrigida ou não para 3,5% (PLC) de gordura, o teor e a produção de gordura do leite não foram influenciados pelas diferentes fontes protéicas, mas a eficiência de utilização da MS e do nitrogênio dietético para a PL e o teor e a produção de proteína do leite foram inferiores para as dietas contendo farelo de algodão em relação àquela com FS. Vacas com produção média de 25 kg de leite/dia podem ser alimentadas com dietas contendo 5% de uréia/sulfato de amônia na MS do concentrado ou farelo de algodão (38% PB) quando utilizada silagem de milho como volumoso na proporção de 60% da MS total das dietas.Palavras-chave: farelo de algodão, farelo de soja, leite, uréia Intake, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows fed diets supplemented with different protein sources ABSTRACT -Twelve Holstein lactating dairy cows were blocked by days in milk and randomly assigned to three replicated 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effect of different protein sources on intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production and composition. A basal corn silage diet (60% of the total dry matter) was fed plus one of the following proteins sources (dry matter basis): soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal with 38% of crude protein (CSM38), cottonseed meal with 28% of crude protein (CSM28), or soybean meal plus 5% of urea/ammonium sulfate (SBMU). Intakes of dry matter (DMI) and organic matter (OMI) did not differ among diets but intake of total digestible nutrients (TDN) was greatest on the SBM diet. The digestibility coefficients (DC) of DM and OM were lower on CSM38, CSM28, and SBMU diets when compared to the SBM diet. Milk yield (MY), 3.5% fat corrected milk, and milk fat content and yield all were not affected by feeding different protein sources to lactating dairy cows. However, feed and nitrogen efficiencies and milk protein content and yield were lower in the CSM diets than on diets supplemented with SBM. It can be concluded that milk yield was maintained when cows were fed SBMU or CSM38 in diets with forage (corn silage) to concentrate ratio of 60:40.Key Words: cottonseed meal, milk, soybean meal, urea IntroduçãoA produtividade de ruminantes depende de sua habil...
The objective of this experiment was to assess ruminal outflow and apparent total-tract digestibility using digesta samples from 3 sites (reticulum, omasum, and abomasum) and 3 marker methods (single marker: indigestible NDF [iNDF; sample without separation]; double marker: iNDF + Co-EDTA [filtered sample]; and triple marker: iNDF + ytterbium [Yb] acetate + Co-EDTA [filtered and centrifuged]) in bulls fed corn silage and sugarcane-based diets. Eight crossbred (Holstein × Zebu) bulls (353 ± 37 kg of BW; 24 ± 1 mo of age) with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were randomly distributed into two 4 × 4 Latin squares that were balanced for residual effects. The following experimental diets were used: 1) 60% corn silage + 40% concentrate, 2) 40% corn silage + 60% concentrate, 3) 60% fresh sugarcane + 40% concentrate, and 4) 40% fresh sugarcane + 60% concentrate. Reticular, omasal, and abomasal digesta samples were collected at 9-h intervals over 3 d. At the end of the experiment, a composite sample was prepared for each bull, and these samples were subsequently assigned to the 3 marker methods. The concentrations of CP, NDF, and iNDF of reticular digesta differed (P < 0.01) from those of the omasum and abomasum. Use of omasal and abomasal samples led to similar estimates of ruminal outflow and ruminal digestibility for DM (P = 0.65), OM (P = 0.68), CP (P = 0.85), and NDF (P = 0.57). In contrast, the ruminal outflow of digesta based on reticular sampling appeared to be underestimated. We recommend sampling from the omasum because sampling from this region is less invasive than sampling from the abomasum. Although we did not observe differences in ruminal NDF digestibility among the different marker methods, we did observe that ruminal digestibility of CP was greater for the single marker method than for the double and triple marker methods; we therefore recommend the use of the double or triple marker method.
O efeito do período de coleta de urina sobre a excreção urinária de creatinina, uréia e derivados de purinas (DP), as purinas absorvidas e a produção de compostos nitrogenados microbianos (Nmic) foi avaliado em bovinos Nelore de quatro categorias: novilhas, machos castrados, machos não-castrados e vacas em lactação. A produção de Nmic obtida em amostras spot de urina foi comparada àquela obtida via coleta total. Dezesseis animais da raça Nelore mantidos em confinamento foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (dois níveis de concentrado, 25 ou 50%, e quatro categorias de bovinos, novilhas, machos castrados, machos não-castrados e vacas em lactação) e nas subparcelas os seis dias de coleta. Não houve interação entre níveis de concentrado, categorias de animal e dias de coleta para as variáveis avaliadas. O volume urinário não foi influenciado pelos níveis de concentrado e os dias de coleta, contudo, foi significativamente maior para as vacas. A excreção de creatinina não foi afetada pelos tratamentos e dias de coletas, observando-se média de 27,1 mg/kg0,75. As purinas absorvidas e a produção de Nmic também não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos e os dias de coleta. A produção de Nmic, estimada pela amostra spot de urina, não diferiu daquela obtida pela coleta total, nem entre os níveis de concentrado ou entre as categorias de animal. Concluiu-se que o período de coleta de urina de 24 horas é suficiente para experimentos utilizando animais Nelore, independentemente de serem novilhas, machos castrados ou não-castrados ou vacas, e que a coleta de amostra spot de urina também pode ser usada para estimar a produção de Nmic.
The use of beef semen on dairy cows has been increasing steadily since 2017. We aimed to describe dairy management practices toward the use of beef semen by surveying farmers in California, the largest US dairy producer. In January 2020, we mailed a printed version of the beef semen use survey to 1,017 dairy producers in California, who also had the option to answer the survey online. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions that were categorized into three sections: general herd information (n = 10), beef semen management (n = 17), and sexed dairy semen management (n = 6). The response rate was 13.9% (n = 141). Regression models were used to evaluate the associations between the dairy-beef crossbred sale price, use of beef semen, and use of sexed dairy semen vs. herd characteristics. The mean ± SD herd size was 1,693 ± 1,311 milking cows. Most dairies (81%) reported using beef semen on dairy cows. Among respondents, 78% reported extra profit as the main advantage of using beef semen, followed by control of heifer inventory (69%), genetic improvement (37%), and other factors (8%). Most respondents (58%) started using beef semen in the past 3 years and 34% of the respondents were breeding more than 30% of all the eligible cows with beef semen. Angus semen was the most used (reported by 89% of the respondents), followed by Limousin (12%), Wagyu (10%), Charolais (7%), others (5%, Limflex, Stabilizer, and Hereford), and Simmental (4%). Reproductive performance was an important criterion to select cows to receive beef semen and 45% of the respondents reported starting breeding cows with beef semen from the third breeding, 18% on the fourth breeding, and 21% on the fifth or greater breedings. The region of California (a proxy for type of production system) contracts with a calf ranch and the herd breed explained 76.7% of the observed variation in the day-old dairy beef crossbred calf price. Survey results demonstrated the widespread use of beef semen in dairies and the main breeding strategies adopted by dairy farmers.
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