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In this study, we aimed to analyse goalball players time-motion variables (distance covered, time spent, maximum and average velocities) in official goalball match attacks, taking into account the attack phases (preparation and throwing), player position (centres and wings) and throwing techniques (frontal, spin and between the legs). A total of 365 attacks were assessed using a video based method (2D) through manual tracking using the Dvideo system. Inferential non-parametric statistics were applied for comparison of preparation vs. throwing phase, wings vs. centres and, among the throwing techniques, frontal, spin and between the legs. Significant differences were found between the attack preparation versus the throwing phase for all player time-motion variables: distance covered, time spent, maximum player velocity and average player velocity. Wing players performed most of the throws (85%) and covered longer distances than centres (1.65 vs 0.31 m). The between the legs and the spin throwing techniques presented greater values for most of the time-motion variables (distance covered, time spent and maximum player velocity) than did the frontal technique in both attack phases. These findings provide important information regarding players' movement patterns during goalball matches that can be used to plan more effective training.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics and prevalence of sports-related injuries in visually disabled athletes of the Brazilian football 5-a-side team. The participants were 13 male athletes, all classified as B1 visual class, members of the Brazilian team, who played in five consecutive international competitions. Data were collected using the Brazilian Paralympic Committee and the Brazilian Confederation of Sports for the Blind report form. From the total of 13 athletes, 11 succumbed to some form of injury during the 5 competitions, which incorporated 23 matches, representing a prevalence of 84.6%. A total of 35 sports injuries were recorded, giving a clinical incidence of 2.7 injuries per athlete and an injury risk of 0.85 and an incidence rate of 0.12 injuries per match. Traumatic injuries (80%) were more common than overuse injuries (20%) (p<0.05). The highest distribution of injury was in the lower limbs (80%), followed by the head (8.6%), spine (5.7%) and upper limbs (5.7%). The body regions most affected were the knee (28.6%), feet (17.1%), ankle (11.4%) and thigh (11.4%). Contusions (31.4%), sprains (25.7%) and tendinopathy (8.6%) were the most frequent diagnoses. This is the first study to describe the nature and prevalence of sports-related injuries in 5-a-side football in blind athletes. The results are important in guiding strategies to inform the implementation of preventive pathways and provide a strong rationale for the compulsory use of additional protective equipment.

Este estudo buscou classificar e identificar princípios comuns no ensino das Lutas. Para tal foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com professores e mestres em diferentes modalidades. Após a Análise de Conteúdo dos dados, percebemos que as Lutas dispõem de princípios condicionais (contato proposital, fusão ataque/defesa, oponente/alvo, imprevisibilidade e regras) determinantes para a compreensão e leitura de sua dinâmica interna. Desta forma, foi possível classificar as Lutas com base em denominadores comuns transferíveis (grupos situacionais), passíveis de serem ensinados antes da prática especializada, visando o desenvolvimento global do aluno e não apenas a repetição descontextualizada de gestos técnicos.

Our aims were to compare physiological parameters from the laboratory environment (LaB) and simulated goalball games (GaM), test relationships between physiological parameters in the laboratory and game technical performance (GTP), and examine the associations between physiological and technical responses during games. Seven elite athletes from the Brazilian National Team performed in LaB environment; (i) an incremental test to determine peak oxygen consumption (O2PEAK), its corresponding speed, and peak blood lactate concentration and (ii) submaximal and supramaximal efforts to estimate maximal anaerobic contribution (AnC). In GaM condition, simulated games were also performed to determine physiological responses throughout the game, and to analyze the GTP (number of throws, defenses, recovery, and density of actions). No correlations (unclear) were found between laboratory and games analyses for O2PEAK [47.3 (17.2) vs. 25.8 (18.2) mL⋅Kg-1⋅min-1], peak blood lactate concentrations [10.2 (5.4) vs. 2.0 (0.7) mM], and total AnC [21.0 (14.0) vs. 4.8 (6.1) mL Kg-1]. O2PEAK in the laboratory condition presented very likely correlations with throw and recovery frequency in games (r = -0.87 and confidence interval [CI] = 0.41; r = -0.90 and CI = 0.35; respectively). Oxygen consumption remained above baseline while blood lactate concentration remained unchanged during the games. The very likely correlation between anaerobic alactic contribution and action density (r = 0.95 and CI = 0.25) highlights the importance of the alactic metabolism. In general, our study demonstrates that goalball can be characterized as a high-intensity intermittent effort, where athlete performance is based on aerobic metabolism predominance while determinant actions are supplied by the anaerobic alactic metabolism. Specifically, higher values of LaB vs. GaM highlighted the need for standardization of specific protocols for goalball evaluation, mainly for the reproduction of ecologically valid values. In addition, O2PEAK correlated with recovery frequency in the LaB condition, demonstrating that passive or low-intensity recovery between actions is fundamental to maintain performance.

Resumo: A constituição de uma proposta pedagógica para o ensino e treino do futebol deve considerar os diferentes fatores contextuais, priorizando demandas necessárias para o andamento do processo. O estudo configura-se como descritivo-propositivo e objetiva caracterizar princípios e pressupostos, apontando princípios balizadores e particulares para elaboração de uma proposta pedagógica para o processo formativo no futebol. Os princípios balizadores e particulares correspondem à teoria constituída objetivamente para atuação no jogo em diferentes etapas da formação. Os pressupostos referenciam as soluções frente aos problemas confrontados eventualmente. Portanto, a formação esportiva, além de somente fabricar respostas, deve capacitar os jogadores para os problemas inesperados. Abstract:The organization of a pedagogical proposal for teaching and coaching football should consider different contextual factors and focus on demands necessary for progress. This is a descriptive-purposeful study intended to characterize principles and assumptions, pointing guiding and specific principles for a proposed curriculum for the educational process in football. Those guiding and specific principles correspond to the theory objectively constituted to act in that game, in different stages of training. Assumptions are solutions to problems occasionally faced. Therefore, sports training should not only provide responses to its participants, but also enable players to solve unexpected problems.Resumen: La estructuración de una propuesta pedagógica para la enseñanza y entrenamiento del fútbol debe considerar los diferentes factores contextuales, priorizando las demandas necesarias para el avance de este proceso. Esta investigación es descriptivo/propositiva y objetiva caracterizar principios y supuestos, señalando principios rectores y particulares para la elaboración de una propuesta pedagógica para el proceso formativo en el fútbol. Los principios rectores y particulares corresponden a la teoría constituida objetivamente para actuar en el juego en diferentes etapas de la formación. Los supuestos se refieren a las soluciones frente a los problemas eventuales.Por lo tanto, la formación deportiva debe, además de solamente fabricar respuestas, capacitar a los jugadores para enfrentar problemas inesperados.