Os objetivos deste trabalho são: i) analisar a degradação ambiental resultante da intensa atividade antrópica, particularmente a contaminação do solo, sob a perspectiva do desenvolvimento sustentável e da legislação ambiental brasileira, e ii) contribuir para a superação das lacunas encontradas na regulamentação e nas políticas públicas voltadas para a proteção dos solos no país e para futuras pesquisas empíricas de avaliação dos impactos ambientais, reais e potenciais, causados pelo petróleo e seus derivados ao solo. Após uma análise bibliográfica de textos sobre solo, políticas públicas, desenvolvimento sustentável, direito ambiental e Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente e do arcabouço legal relativo à legislação federal em vigor até março de 2012, sob a perspectiva do desenvolvimento sustentável, são apontados os pontos de aproximação e distanciamento entre as disposições legais e conceituais acerca da sustentabilidade e a realidade das práticas governamentais em relação à manutenção da qualidade do solo no Brasil. Conclui-se afirmando que há uma ausência de regulamentação clara sobre a poluição do solo causada por petróleo e derivados e o seu tratamento é considerado de forma secundária, o que dificulta uma integração entre o desenvolvimento da atividade petrolífera no país e a conservação da qualidade do solo para as presentes e futuras gerações.
Bioremediation processes have been credited for reducing high levels of organic contaminants from soils. However, during bioremediation of diesel contaminated soils, for instance, diesel is converted to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and greenhouse gases (GHG), which means that such remediation technique contributes to the greenhouse effect. The ongoing construction of a large petrochemical industrial region in Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (COMPERJ) and the transportation of large volumes of oil byproducts (mainly diesel), have raised deep concerns regarding accidents that may result in soil and air contamination. When the problem comes, remediation techniques shall be applied. The objective of this study was to characterize the emission of GHG and VOC during bioremediation of soils contaminated with diesel oil in pilot scale. Soil samples contaminated with 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 w/w% diesel oil were kept during 3 months in glass rectors (2 L internal volume) kept under anaerobic/anoxic conditions. The soil moisture was controlled at 80% of field capacity. Bioremediation processes were investigated with nutrient's adjustment (biostimulation), no adjustment (natural attenuation) and sterilized soil (abiotic process). The gases emitted from different reactors were collected in activated carbon cartridges and the GHG were collected in Tedlar bags. The chemical analyzes were performed using a gas chromatograph (Agilent 7690) with multi-detection using FID for CH 4 , ECD for N 2 O and TCD for CO 2 . VOC were analyzed using a mass spectrometry detector (Varian 450GC MS220). The results indicated that gaseous samples contained high concentrations of CO 2 but low concentrations of CH 4 and N 2 O. The differences in composition of the gas emitted from the reactors regarding CO 2 were statistically not significant. Preliminarily, regarding VOC emissions, such as alkanes and alkenes (both branched), cycloalkanes, and aromatic substituted (such as ethyl benzene), the compounds with higher emissions were cycloalkanes and branched alkanes.
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