resuMo o uso do solo pode alterar processos como decomposição da matéria orgânica, ciclagem de nutrientes e agregação das partículas e, com isso, influenciar a ocorrência da macrofauna. objetivou-se com este estudo relacionar os sistemas de uso do solo e os efeitos deles sobre a distribuição de grupos da macrofauna do solo, bem como a relação desses com os atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Os sistemas de uso do solo avaliados foram: floresta nativa, reflorestamento de eucalipto, pastagem, integração lavoura-pecuária e lavoura com sistema plantio direto. as amostras foram coletadas em uma grade de amostragem de 3 × 3, totalizando nove pontos, distanciados entre si em 30 m, no inverno e verão, em três municípios do Planalto sul-catarinense, considerados réplicas verdadeiras. as avaliações foram de atributos físicos e químicos do solo e da abundância e diversidade da macrofauna, coletada pelo método Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (tsBf). os organismos do solo são pertencentes a 16 grupos taxonômicos, com 4.702 indivíduos m -2 no inverno e 7.438 indivíduos m -2 no verão. Houve interação entre época e sistemas de uso do solo, com flutuação populacional dos organismos dependente do uso e com relação aos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, evidenciada pela análise de redundância, que apresentou alta correlação entre variáveis ambientais e fauna do solo. As mudanças na composição da macrofauna do solo foram observadas nos seus sistemas de uso, que tiveram maior intervenção antrópica. Floresta nativa, reflorestamento de eucalipto e pastagem são mais estáveis em termos de Recebido para publicação em 21 de janeiro de 2015 e aprovado em 3 de setembro de 2015.
Several studies have characterized and delimited subterranean ant assemblages. Soil extraction, one of the methods employed to access this fauna, employs the removal of monoliths. One of the most widely used methods for the extraction of soil sampling is called TSBF (developed by the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme). This method provides relevant data about the species associated with the soil. In the present study we characterized assemblages of subterranean ants using the TSBF method in different subtropical areas of the Neotropics. We considered two sampling designs in different localities. The first design resulted in 315 TSBF samples obtained from layers at distinct depths. The second design resulted in 270 TSBF samples and 270 epigaeic pitfall trap samples. This material was used to delimit the species that occur exclusively in the subterranean stratum (TSBF) and that are not found on the soil surface. A total of 281 species were recorded. Of these, 57 can be considered subterranean, based on their occurrence in subterranean strata. We also verified that the highest occurrence of ants was in the first 10 cm of soil depth. Due to the importance of using methods that efficiently extract the subterranean ant fauna in studies, we suggest the TSBF method should be used to sample ants or to associate this method with epigaeic pitfall traps to delimit strictly subterranean assemblages in specific community stratification studies.
ABSTRACT:Intensive land use can affect macrofaunal biodiversity, which is a property that can be used as a soil quality indicator. This study evaluated the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and its relation to soil chemical and physical properties in five land use systems (LUS) in the eastern region of Santa Catarina. The following LUS were studied: native forest (NF), eucalyptus plantations (EP), perennial pasture (PP), integrated crop-livestock (ICL), and no-tillage cropping (NT). The macrofauna was quantified in 0.25 × 0.25 m monoliths and sampled in the 0.00-0.20 m layer in the summer (Jan/2012) and winter (Jul/2012). For each LUS, nine points were sampled, distributed in a 30 × 30 m sampling grid. After screening the edaphic macrofauna organisms, the individuals were counted and identified at the species level when possible, or in major taxonomic groups. The Shannon diversity indices were calculated and the macrofaunal groups together with the physical and chemical properties were subjected to principal component (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA). The abundance and diversity of macrofaunal groups are affected by the LUS. The properties of organic matter, macroporosity, bulk density, cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0, base saturation, potential acidity, and exchangeable Al were related to the abundance of soil macrofaunal groups. The stability and biodiversity of soil macrofauna were highest in the LUS of NF, PP, and EP.
Changes in land use management in agricultural areas can affect the biodiversity of spider families. This study aimed to evaluate spider diversity in different land use systems with capture by two sampling methods, and to identify soil properties that can modulate the occurrence of spiders. Five land use systems, representative of traditional agricultural areas, were evaluated in the west of Santa Catarina, Brazil, to establish a scale of land use intensity: native forest, eucalyptus reforestation areas, pastures, crop-livestock integration areas, and annual crops under no-tillage. The collection methods were manual from soil monoliths and soil traps. Altogether 479 individuals were captured, which were distributed among 20 families, 40 genera, and 8 species. Principal component analysis separated the land use systems and showed an association of spider families with land use in the two sampling methods. There was reduction in spider diversity as the intensity of land use increased. The manual collection method was more efficient for families of soil spiders, whereas traps were more efficient for epigeic spiders. The Lycosidae family was more resistant to environmental pressures, while Oonopidae and Amaurobiidae were more sensitive to environmental modifications. The differences in the spider communities were explained by the following soil properties: organic matter, mean weight-diameter of soil aggregates, and resistance to penetration, which were associated with the degree of anthropic intervention in the land use systems.
The ability of spiders to spread over contiguous areas (Arachnida: Araneae) is directly related to soil management conditions. The objective of this work was to study the effect of land use system (LUS) on the abundance and diversity of soil spider families and their relationship with soil physical and chemical properties. The evaluated LUS were: native forest, eucalyptus reforestation, pasture, crop-livestock integration, and no-tillage crop. Samples were collected in three municipalities of Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina, considered as true replicates, during winter and summer. A total of 270 samples was taken in each area and season. The sampling points were arranged in a grid of 3 × 3 m, spaced by 30 m. We evaluated soil physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes and the abundance and diversity of spider families, collected by soil monolith and soil traps. A total of 448 spiders were captured, 152 in winter and 296 in summer, distributed in 24 families and 52 species/morphospecies. There was a seasonality effect related to the land use systems and the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index was recorded in the native forest in both sampling periods. Most families of spiders have a direct dependence on soil physical and chemical properties, such as microporosity, exchangeable aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and potassium during the winter. Organic matter, nitrogen, pH in water, weighted average diameter, soil density, and microbial biomass carbon exhibited dependence during the summer. Vegetation type and soil management are the factors that seem to affect most the occurrence of spiders. The families Theridiidae and Nemesiidae are dependent on sites with low human intervention. Diversidade de aranhas edáficas em sistemas de uso e manejo do solo em Santa Catarina, BrasilResumo: A capacidade de dispersão das aranhas em áreas contíguas (Arachnida, Araneae) está ligada diretamente às condições de manejo do solo. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar o efeito do sistema de uso do solo (SUS) sobre a abundância e diversidade das famílias de aranhas edáficas, bem como a relação dessas com os atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Os SUS avaliados foram: floresta nativa, reflorestamento de eucalipto, pastagem, integração lavoura-pecuária e lavoura com sistema plantio direto. As amostras foram coletadas em três municípios do Planalto Sul-Catarinense, considerados réplicas verdadeiras, durante o inverno e o verão. Um total de 270 amostras foi coletado em cada área e estação do ano. Os pontos de amostragem foram dispostos em uma grade de amostragem de 3 × 3 distanciados 30 m entre si. Foram avaliados atributos físicos, químicos e microbiológicos do solo e abundância e diversidade de famílias de aranhas, coletadas pelo método de monólitos e armadilhas de solo. Ao todo foram capturados 448 indivíduos, sendo 152 no inverno e 296 no verão, distribuídos em 24 famílias, 52 espécies/morfoespécies. Houve efeito da sazonalidade entre os sistemas de uso e a maior diversidade de Shannon-Wiener foi registrada em flores...
RESUMO -A fauna edáfica é sensível às perturbações ambientais e sua resposta pode indicar o estado de conservação do solo em locais com diferentes usos e manejos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de grupos da fauna invertebrada e sua relação com atributos edáficos em três usos da terra: Floresta Nativa (FN), Reflorestamento de Pinus (RP) e Campo Nativo Melhorado (CNM), no município de Lages, SC. A amostragem consistiu em três pontos distanciados entre si por 30 metros, estabelecidos ao longo de transectos, em cada sistema. Avaliaram-se os atributos físicos e químicos do solo e da abundância e diversidade da fauna, coletada pelos métodos Pitfall traps e Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística multivariada. Identificaram-se 1.210 organismos do solo, pertencentes a 17 grupos taxonômicos, sendo, os mais representativos Collembola e Coleoptera, independente do uso. A FN apresentou maior riqueza e diversidade da fauna edáfica em comparação aos outros sistemas. Os maiores teores de matéria orgânica e pH demonstraram relação com Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae e Collembola. A umidade do solo contribuiu para explicar a abundância dos grupos em CNM e FN. Contudo, a fauna mostrou respostas diferentes na sua distribuição para cada uso da terra, logo, as variáveis ambientais podem limitar o estabelecimento dos invertebrados mais frequentes no solo. Os sistemas FN e CNM apresentaram melhores condições dos atributos edáficos e por isso maior biodiversidade, quando comparados ao RP.Palavras-chave -biodiversidade, conservação do solo, sistemas de manejo. ABSTRACT -The soil fauna is sensitive to environmental disturbances, their response may indicate the state of soil conservation in different uses and management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of invertebrate fauna groups and its relationship with edaphic attributes in three land uses: Native Forest (NF), Pinus Reforestation (PR) and Native Improved Grassland (NIM), in Lages, SC -Brazil. Sampling consisted of three points distanced each other 30 meters, established along transects, on each system. The evaluations were physical and chemical soil attributes and the abundance and diversity of fauna, collected by methods Pitfall traps and Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility. The data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. They identified 1.210 soil organisms belonging to 17 taxonomic groups. The most representative groups were Collembola and Coleoptera, independent of the use. The NF has introduced greater richness and diversity of soil fauna in comparison to other LUS. The highest levels of organic matter and soil pH showed a relationship with Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae and Collembola. The values of moisture contributed to explain the greater abundance of groups in NIM and NF. However, the soil fauna showed different responses in its distribution to each land use, being that the environmental variables may limit the establishment of most frequent belowground invertebrates. NF syste...
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