The aim of the article was to forecast the necessary pace of changes in the share of RES in the V4 countries resulting from the EU's renewable energy sources directive compared to other European Union countries. Research Design & Methods:The research area included all EU Member States, and in particular the Visegrad Group countries. Forecasts of future RES share values were based on two models: Holt-Winters and the autoregressive (AR) model based on EUROSTAT statistical data. Findings: The potential failure to meet the recommendations of the RES share in gross final energy consumption for 2022 concerns 19 of the 27 Member States, of which 2 countries belong to the Visegrad Group. Implications & Recommendations:The research has implications mainly to raise awareness of the direction of RES development in the European Union countries. Contribution & Value Added:The study contributes to the estimation of the future value of the share of renewable energy sources in the V4 countries compared to other countries European Union on the basis of the current activities of these Member States. The forecast makes it possible to initially determine the possibility of meeting the specific target regarding the share of renewable energy sources in the final energy consumption set out in the European Union directive. Article type:research article
The article is for illustrative purposes and presents the general situation of price differences in the food chain in theoretical and methodological aspects. The main objective of the research was to assess the market situation of the purchase of agricultural products against a background of prices in retail stores. The research was conducted using the observational method in mid-2021. The subject of the study were the 20 most popular agricultural products, purchased directly from the agricultural producer and through retail chains as products ready for sale unchanged from the moment of purchase. The volatility of prices between different links in the food chain was also determined using Pearson’s linear correlation. The differences in the estimated percentage mark-up of selected retail chains in relation to the obtained values of the price relation index are presented. It was found that the analyzed price differences constituted a complex research problem and were conditioned by many determinants. The relation between the prices offered for agricultural products in purchase and retail prices was often 200%. The main reason for the price differences was the extensive supply chain between the farmer and the chain of stores. The results of the correlation of price volatility allowed to conclude that there was a phenomenon related to the transfer of price risk in the scope of subsequent links of the food chain.
One of the key elements in the development of countries is energy stability particularly related to ensuring, among other things, continuity of power supply. The European Commission is trying to protect the security of energy supply by introducing internal conditions regarding the share of RES in everyday life. The aim of this article is to forecast the share of RES in electricity production for all the EU member states. The study covers the years 1985-2021, the research is based on two models: the autoregressive (AR) model and the Holt-Winters model, whereas the prediction values were determined for the period 2022-2030. The prediction values showed that Denmark, as the only one of the community countries, may turn out to be self-sufficient in terms of electricity production from RES already at the turn of 2026-2027. In the case of Poland, there is a high probability that the projected RES share for 2030 will not be met. Potentially, for most EU countries, the energy produced from RES will satisfy at least 50% of electricity demand by 2030. A projection of the chances of meeting the commitments presented in the National Energy and Climate Plans regarding the share of renewable energy sources in electricity production in the EU member states in 2030 indicates that they will not be met in most EU economies.
One of the key markets of the European Union is the poultry meat market. The situation on this market is of significant importance to both producers and consumers. The main aim of the article is to study the level of self-sufficiency of selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe in the production of poultry meat. Eleven countries were selected as the research area: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary. In the conducted research, simplified indices of self-sufficiency were used: the balance of foreign trade in terms of volume and value, average annual consumption per capita and production volume in relation to consumption. The study was conducted for the years 2009-2018. The statistical sources used come from FAOSTAT and International Trade Centre databases. Research has shown that the analyzed countries are characterized by a significant diversification of the self-sufficiency level of poultry meat production. Only 6 analyzed countries can meet the domestic consumption demand from their own production, the remaining countries supplement the deficit from imported goods. The highest level of self-sufficiency of poultry meat production was observed in Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania and Hungary. On the other hand, the lowest level is found in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovakia and Latvia.
The main aim of the research was to assess the price differences of selected agricultural products in the area of the first degree administrative division of Poland. The study focused on the analysis of the dynamics of price changes in individual regions, specified the impact of the production volume and consumption of a given product on the retail price, and an attempt was made to define a regression model in terms of the price of an agricultural product. The years 2010-2019 were assumed as the research period, and four products were analyzed: sugar, eggs, flour and milk. It was found that the average annual dynamics of changes was similar for all voivodeships, in particular for products such as flour, eggs and sugar. In the case of the correlation analysis, it was found that there was a certain interdependence of prices in relation to production and prices for consumption, which is not coherent on a regional basis. The regression model analysis proved ineffective in trying to forecast future market behavior as well as consumer behavior.
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