In the current study, a total of 135 enterococci strains from different sources were screened for the presence of the enterocin-encoding genes entA, entP, entB, entL50A, and entL50B. The enterocin genes were present at different frequencies, with entA occurring the most frequently, followed by entP and entB; entL50A and L50B were not detected. The occurrence of single enterocin genes was higher than the occurrence of multiple enterocin gene combinations. The 80 isolates that harbor at least one enterocin-encoding gene (denoted "Gene(+) strains") were screened for antimicrobial activity. A total of 82.5% of the Gene(+) strains inhibited at least one of the indicator strains, and the isolates harboring multiple enterocin-encoding genes inhibited a larger number of indicator strains than isolates harboring a single gene. The indicator strains that exhibited growth inhibition included Listeria innocua strain CLIP 12612 (ATCC BAA-680), Listeria monocytogenes strain CDC 4555, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC 6538, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella typhimurium strain UK-1 (ATCC 68169), and Escherichia coli BAC 49LT ETEC. Inhibition due to either bacteriophage lysis or cytolysin activity was excluded. The growth inhibition of antilisterial Gene+ strains was further tested under different culture conditions. Among the culture media formulations, the MRS agar medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) yeast extract was the best solidified medium for enterocin production. Our findings extend the current knowledge of enterocin-producing enterococci, which may have potential applications as biopreservatives in the food industry due to their capability of controlling food spoilage pathogens.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma retrospectiva de estudos sobre o letramento(s), para defender os usos da escrita em contextos educacionais a partir de proposições dos Novos Estudos do Letramento, uma visão transdisciplinar que assume uma abordagem sócio-cultural da linguagem e do letramento (Cf. Barton, Heath, Gee, Graff, Marcushi, Rojo, Signorini, Soares, Ribeiro etc.) Abstract: This paper aims at presenting retrospective studies on literacy, seeking to defend the uses of writing in educational contexts from the perspective of the New Literacy Studies, an interdisciplinary view that takes a sociocultural approach to language and literacy (Cf. Barton, Heath, Gee, Graff, Marcushi, Rojo, Signorini, Soares, Ribeiro etc.)

Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important source of food contamination that presents risks to human health. Several industrial food processes eliminate this microorganism; however, these processes can alter the characteristics of the product. Alternative methods of preservation have been identified as an option to control these foodborne pathogens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the action of bacteriocins produced by Enterococcus durans MF5 in STEC cells. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) containing enterocins from the MF5 isolate was tested over different time points (6, 18, and 24 h). Enterocins present in the crude CFS showed inhibition against STEC at all time points. In the investigation of cell integrity, using propidium iodide and fluorescence microscopy, considerable cell death was observed within 6 h of the cells being in contact with the enterocins, which was also observed at the 18 and 24 h time points. These results showed that the enterocins produced by the MF5 isolate have potential use in the control of STEC.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the sociointeractional uses of the Mother Tongue (MT) by 9 adult learners and this researcher-teacher in Foreign Language (FL) classroom concrete situations. Based on data results it is proposed that MT is a valuable resource to be considered in FL teaching-learning process.

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RESUMO:Examinamos os modos como o aluno faz uma tomada reflexiva da sua experiência com a tradução no seu aprendizado da língua estrangeira: concepções de tradução, como se dá o processo tradutório, em que situações de aprendizagem a tradução é utilizada, com que objetivo, quais as implicações desses usos na aprendizagem da língua-alvo, como se estabelecem as relações língua estrangeira/língua materna nesse processo, entre outros. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, analisamos as respostas de 47 estudantes, do Ensino Fundamental e Médio, de duas escolas da rede particular de ensino, a um questionário especialmente elaborado para os fins deste estudo. A opção pelas referidas escolas prende-se ao fato de ser a tradução praticada, regularmente, com tais alunos, como uma atividade pedagógica, no ensinoaprendizagem de língua estrangeira, no caso, o Inglês. Segundo os registros analisados, o aluno percebe a tradução como uma atividade benéfica ao seu aprendizado da língua-alvo e a ela recorre como uma estratégia de compreensão e apreensão dessa língua. Palavras-chave: tradução; ensino-aprendizagem de línguas; relações LE/LM.ABSTRACT: This paper reports some exemplary data related to a research project on the role of translation in foreign language teaching-learning. The data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 47 Brazilian ESL learners. Specifically, the points of the analysis are: how the translation process is conceived by the students; why and when the translation is used by the learners in classroom situations; mother tongue/foreign language relationships in this specific context, among other aspects. The findings reveal that translation, when used a mediating resource for foreign language teachinglearning, can promote target language management. Keywords: translation; mother tongue/foreign language relationships; language teaching-learning process. INTRODUÇÃOPode-se considerar que os discursos sobre a tradução não abarcam um conceito universalmente aceito, completo e fechado em si mesmo, que possa nomeá-la, pois, assim como qualquer outra, a palavra tradução não extrai seu valor senão de sua inscrição em uma cadeia de substituições possíveis, isto é, de um 'contexto' específico (DERRIDA, 1996). Isso quer dizer, em suma, que pressupor a edificação de uma teoria global e única do traduzir trata-se de uma simples quimera, já que, em última instância, o que se estaria * Doutoranda IEL/Unicamp, Campinas (SP), Brasil. .TERRA -Tradução & aprendizado de língua estrangeira... 70 negligenciando é o fato de que o espaço da tradução encerra em si mesmo uma heterogeneidade não unificável. Ainda assim, duas perspectivas têm se apresentado predominantes nos modos de conceber a tradução, conforme discutiremos no decorrer deste trabalho. TRADUÇÃO E ESTATUTO DO ORIGINAL: UMA NOÇÃO DE EQUIVALÊNCIANessa primeira perspectiva, a tradução pode ser entendida como um procedimento de reprodução fiel de um texto escrito de uma língua para outra. Trata-se, no caso, de uma visão logocêntrica de traduç...

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Enterocins carry out antimicrobial activity on several pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in food. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of enterocins, using Enterococcus faecium, and their stability under different culture conditions. The isolate was incubated in ManRogosa Sharpe (MRS) medium with pHs 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5, and supplemented with lactose, mannose, mannitol, glycerol, tween 20, and tween 80. The optimum pH of production was between 6.0 and 6.5. The enterocin produced in mix (lactose 20, glycerol 20, tween20 5.0 g L -1 ) was more efficient. None pH tested interfered with the reduction of the action of the enterocins. The thermal stability varied according to the isolate as well as the supplementation used. Tween 20 and 80 with regards to the stability to different chemical products of both isolates, presented reduction of the action. It was observed that the supplement mix had higher adsorption and that the bactericidal effect was observed within 2 hours of incubation. The results indicated that the different culture conditions did not affected the antagonistic action of enterocin.