Based on simulation studies, it was shown that the type and size of experimental populations can exert an influence on the accuracy of genetic maps. A hypothetical genome map (one chromosome with nine equidistant molecular markers) was generated for the following population types: F 2 with dominant and co-dominant markers, backcrossing, recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and double-haploid. The population sizes were 50, 100, 150, 200, 500 and 1000 individuals and 100 simulations were made for each population. The inaccuracies of the populations with the lowest number of individuals were shown by inversions in the order of the markers and the establishment of more than one linkage group in up to 38% of the simulations, depending on the population type. Stress and variance values of the distances between adjacent markers were significantly reduced with the increased size of the population. More accurate maps were obtained for the co-dominant F 2 and RIL whereas the maps for the dominant F 2 population were less accurate. The higher the number of individuals, the more precise was the map. In all populations, a total of 200 individuals were considered as being sufficient for the construction of reasonably accurate genetic maps. Although this paper deals with plant populations this approach is equally applicable to other organisms.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e obter as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e não genéticos de 40 materiais genéticos do programa de melhoramento genético de café Conilon do Incaper, no Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram analisados dados de dois experimentos, nos municípios de Marilândia e Sooretama, ES, nas safras de 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 e 2002, em que se avaliaram 16 características. Realizou-se, inicialmente, a análise de variância individual, por local em cada ano, com base na média de parcelas, em blocos ao acaso. Posteriormente foi feita a análise de variância conjunta. Os genótipos apresentaram grande variabilidade genética para a maioria das características avaliadas. Os elevados coeficientes de determinação genotípico e coeficientes de variação genéticos, associados às altas produtividades e à variabilidade genética indicam a possibilidade de obtenção de êxitos em programas de melhoramento genético para diferentes características avaliadas nos dois municípios.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade do emprego de índices de seleção em complexos fatoriais, de modo a auxiliar na seleção simultânea de caracteres de Coffea canephora var. Conilon, na predição de ganhos por seleção. Foram analisados e avaliados quatorze características e 40 genótipos de dois experimentos, pertencentes ao programa de melhoramento genético de café 'Conilon' do Incaper, Marilândia, ES, e em Sooretama, ES. Os experimentos foram instalados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e duas plantas úteis por parcela. O uso dos complexos fatoriais eliminou o problema da multicolinearidade e permitiu a adequada utilização da teoria de índice de seleção, para melhoramento simultâneo de caracteres. Foram utilizados os índices de seleção de Smith e Hazel e de Pesek & Baker, e o primeiro foi a melhor alternativa na obtenção de ganhos simultâneos adequados. A utilização conjunta das técnicas multivariadas de análise de fatores, para simplificação estrutural prévia no número de caracteres, e de índices de seleção na predição de ganhos simultâneos são alternativas eficientes no melhoramento genético da cultura.Termos para indexação: café, melhoramento vegetal, ganhos por seleção, análise multivariada. Simultaneous selection of Coffea canephora by means of combination of factor analysis and selection indexesAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using selection indexes in factorial complexes, in the simultaneous selection of characters of Coffea canephora (Conilon var.), when predicting the selection gains. Fourteen characters and 40 genotypes were analyzed in two experiments of the genetic improvement program of 'Conilon' coffee, developed by Incaper, carried out in Marilândia and Sooretama, ES, Brazil. The experiments were conducted on a randomized block design, with four replicates and two useful plants in each plot. Factorial complexes eliminated the multicolinearity problem, allowing the appropriate use of the selection index theory for simultaneous improvements of characters. The selection indexes by Smith and Hazel and Pesek & Baker were used, and the first one was the best alternative to obtain adequate simultaneous gains. The combined use of multivariate techniques of the factor analysis, for previous structural simplification in the number of characters, and selection indexes to predict simultaneous gains are efficient alternatives in the coffee cropping genetic improvement.

Resumo -Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estabelecer estimativas dos coeficientes de repetibilidade (r) e determinar a previsibilidade (R 2 ) e o número de medições necessárias das características toneladas de colmos por hectare, toneladas de sacarose no caldo da cana por hectare e teor de sacarose dos colmos, pol porcento cana, em genótipos de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições em quatro experimentos e quatro repetições nos demais experimentos. As estimativas de repetibilidade foram obtidas pelos métodos estatísticos da análise de variância, componentes principais com base na matriz de correlações e análise estrutural (correlação, r -médio). As estimativas dos coeficientes de repetibilidade revelaram valores muito semelhantes. A repetibilidade média geral nas três características foi superior a 0,60, demonstrando regularidade do desempenho dos genótipos nas várias medições (cortes) e confiabilidade na discriminação genotípica superior a 87%. Verificou-se, nas três características, a necessidade do emprego de no mínimo três cortes, para que a seleção possa ser praticada com previsibilidade do valor real do genótipo acima de 80%.Termos para indexação: Saccharum spp., clones, análise de variância, componentes principais, análise estrutural. Repeatability and harvest numbers in selecting sugarcane clonesAbstract -This work aimed at the establishment of the repeatability coefficients (r), determination of the predictability degree (R 2 ) and the needed measurement numbers for tons of cane per hectare, percentage of pol (sucrose) in the juice of cane and tons of pol in the juice of cane per hectare in sugarcane genotypes. A randomized block experimental design, with three replicates in four experiments and four replicates in the other experiments was used. The repeatability estimates were obtained by the statistical methods: anova; main components based on correlation matrix; and structural analysis (correlation, average r). The estimates of the repeatability coefficients showed values with very similar magnitude. The general average repeatability for those three traits was above 0.60, therefore showing regularity in the genotype performance at several measurements (cuts) and reliability in the genotype discrimination that was higher than 87%. The results showed that for those three traits there is a need for the use of, at least, three cuts so that the selection can be accomplished with predictability of a real value above 80% for the genotype.

− The objective of this work was to validate microsatellite markers associated with resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) races 3 and 14, in soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes, for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. Microsatellites of soybean linkage groups A2, D2 and G were tested in two populations, and their selection efficiencies were determined. The populations were 65 F 2:3 families from Msoy8001 (resistant) x Conquista (susceptible) cross, and 66 F 2:3 families of S5995 (resistant) x Renascença (susceptible) cross, evaluated for resistance to races 3 and 14, respectively. Families with female index up to 30% were considered moderately resistant. Markers of A2 and G linkage groups were associated with resistance to race 3. Markers Satt309 and GMENOD2B explained the greatest proportion of phenotypic variance in the different groups. The combinations Satt309+GMENOD2B and Satt309+Satt187 presented 100% selection efficiency. Resistance to race 14 was associated with markers of G linkage group, and selection efficiency in the Satt309+Satt356 combination was 100%. The selection differential obtained by phenotypic and marker assisted selection showed that both can result in similar gains.

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No abstract

-The objective of this work was to evaluate the soybean inheritance of resistance to cyst nematode races 3 and 14. The following populations where evaluated: one population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) [Hartwig (resistant) x Y23 (susceptible line)] for races 3, 14 and 9; one population of families F 2:3 [M-SOY 8001 (resistant) x MB/BR 46 -Conquista (susceptible)] for race 3; and one population of families F 2:3 [(S5995 (resistant) x BRSMG Renascença (susceptible)] for race 14. In RIL populations, four epistatic genes were identified which conditioned resistance to race 14, and three epistatic ones for resistance to races 3 and 9. The lack of one gene provided moderate resistance under all situations. The highest number of genes for resistance to race 14 points out that genes responsible for lower effects might be involved. In population F 2:3 from M-SOY 8001 x MB/BR 46 -Conquista, one recessive gene for moderate resistance and two recessive genes complete resistance to race 3 were identified. Two recessive genes conditioning moderate resistance to race 14 were identified in population F 2:3 from the crossing S5995 x BRSMG Renascença. These results will be useful in designing crossings, involving these parentals, with higher possibility to accumulating genes that provide resistance to several SCN races.