Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease that has reached pandemic status by rapidly spreading worldwide. Elderly individuals and patients with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension show a higher risk of hospitalization, severe disease, and mortality by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These patients frequently show exacerbated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines associated with an overreaction of the immune system, the so-called cytokine storm. Host nutritional status plays a pivotal role in the outcome of a variety of different infectious diseases. It is known that the immune system is highly affected by malnutrition, leading to decreased immune responses with consequent augmented risk of infection and disease severity. Body composition, especially low lean mass and high adiposity, has consistently been linked to worsened prognosis in many different diseases. In this review, evidence concerning the impact of nutritional status on viral infection outcomes is discussed.
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is a highly contagious disease affecting both the higher and lower portions of the respiratory tract. This disease reached over 265 million people and has been responsible for over 5.25 million deaths worldwide. Skeletal muscle quality and total mass seem to be predictive of COVID-19 outcome. This systematic review aimed at providing a critical analysis of the studies published so far reporting on skeletal muscle mass in patients with COVID-19, with the intent of examining the eventual association between muscle status and disease severity. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate whether skeletal muscle quantity, quality and function were related to disease severity. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were conducted according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and reported according to the guidelines of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guide. From a total of 1,056 references found, 480 were selected after removing duplicates. Finally, only 7 met the specified inclusion criteria. The results of this meta-analysis showed that skeletal muscle quality, rather than quantity, was associated with COVID-19 severity, as confirmed by lower skeletal muscle density and lower handgrip strength in patients with severe disease. Muscle function assessment can thus be a valuable tool with prognostic value in COVID-19.
ResumoO objetivo do trabalho é a investigação de desigualdade relacionada a gênero no desempenho em Matemática ao final do ensino médio brasileiro. Para isso, utilizam-se dados do Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Básica -SAEB -coletados em 1999. A partir do ajuste de modelos hierárquicos lineares, identifica-se que rapazes apresentaram desempenho superior ao de moças que estudam nas mesmas escolas, em análise controlada por repetência, nível socioeconômico e trabalho simultâneo ao estudo. O resultado indica, ainda, que a diferença de desempenho relacionada com gênero varia entre escolas e que nas escolas em que o nível socioeconômico do corpo discente é mais alto e nas de bom clima acadêmico a diferença é bastante pequena, acontecendo o oposto nas escolas em que o corpo discente tem nível socioeconômico baixo e clima acadêmico desfavorável. Palavras-chave: gênero e educação, equidade de gênero, modelos multiníveis, educação matemática. ResumenEl objetivo del trabajo es investigar la desigualdad que hay entre los generos com relación a su desempeño en Matemática al concluir la enseñanza media brasileña. Para tanto, se * Os autores agradecem ao Professor Kaizô Beltrão pelas críticas e sugestões a uma versão preliminar deste trabalho. Limitações e eventuais erros são de responsabilidade dos autoresEstudos em Avaliação Educacional, n. 27, jan-jun/2003 78 utilizan datos del Sistema de Evaluación de la Educación Básica colectados en 1999. A partir del ajuste de modelos jerárquicos lineares, se identifica que los chicos han tenido un desempeño superior al de las chicas que estudian en los mismos colegios, en análisis controlada por repitientes, nivel socioeconómico y trabajo simultáneo al estudio. El resultado todavía indica que la diferencia del desempeño relacionada con el género varia entre las escuelas, y en las escuelas de nivel socioeconómico del cuerpo dicente más alto y en las de buen ambiente académico la diferencia es bastante pequeña, sucediendo lo contrario en las escuelas con cuerpo dicente de nivel socioeconómico bajo y ambiente académico desfavorable. Palabras-clave: género y educación, equidad de género, modelos multiniveles, educación matemática. AbstractThe aim of the paper is to investigate patterns of gender inequality in math achievement at the end of Brazilian high school. Data comes from the 1999 Brazilian National Assessment of Educational Progress. The analytical approach is based on hierarchical linear models. The result indicates that boys performed better than girls and that the gender effect is different in different schools. In schools in which SES -socioeconomic status -are high and in those with a good academic atmosphere the gender gap is small. On the other hand, the reversal of the mentioned school characteristics is related to a huge gender gap.
Body weight loss and inflammation are major alterations related to cancer cachexia, an important wasting syndrome highly prevalent in many types of cancer. Nutritional components modulate inflammation in several chronic diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) are well known for their anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of n-3 on cancer cachexia are still controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the reported effects of n-3 supplementation on body weight and inflammatory markers in patients with cancer cachexia. Articles indexed in the major scientific platforms were retrieved in agreement with the Preferring Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and 167 references were initially found. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, this systematic review included six studies. Using a random-effects model with 95% CI, three effect sizes were expressed as standard mean difference (SMD). No differences were found regarding the effect of n-3 on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and albumin levels. Body weight analysis included only two studies, devoid of robust conclusions. The low number of studies, low sample size, and great intra-variability precluded a stronger analysis. More studies evaluating n-3 supplementation in cancer cachexia are still needed.
OBJECTIVES: To characterize the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of deceased pediatric patients with COVID-19. METHODS: It was performed an integrative literature review with the keywords “children”, “COVID-19” and “death” and the boolean “AND” on the databases SciELO, PubMed, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Embase and ScienceDirect. The results were filtered by publication date (January 1st to June 30th) and by language (Portuguese, English and Spanish). The inclusion criteria were: articles with proven or probable pediatric COVID-19 cases and full text in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Articles with no full text available in the above-mentioned languages, non-pediatric population and editorials were excluded. Brazilian data were analyzed based on epidemiological reports from each state of the country. RESULTS: 24 articles were analyzed, with a total of 17 deaths among pediatric COVID-19 patients. There was no data available about age of 9 patients and about comorbidities of 14 patients. Brazil had 357 pediatric deaths and 182 of them were on the age group 0-9 years. The most frequent comorbidities were heart disease and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the low distribution of deaths among pediatric COVID-19 patients, it is important to point out that they are still carriers of the disease.
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