Explorando os resultados de uma pesquisa de campo que interrogou 100 empresas de base tecnológica brasileiras, este artigo aborda as relações de cooperação em que essas empresas se envolvem. Conclui-se que a adoção de esquemas de cooperação é limitada e muito concentrada nas relações com instituições acadêmicas, tendendo a caracterizar redes pouco densas, configurando um tipo de arranjo que não é o mais favorável ao desempenho inovativo.
In order to study the influence of different sulfonation routes on its thermal and structural properties sulfonated polyaniline (SPAni) was prepared. FT-IR revealed that the formation of PAni salt or ring sulfonation depends on the route. UV-visible spectra pointed out that the level of the PAni protonation was dependent on the sulfonation route. A new approach was given for TG/DTG and DSC results correlating different energy levels with the distinguished sulfonation routes. The TG/DTG degradation steps and the amount of the released material corroborated the structural differences of the polyanilines. For each DSC first regime of heating, a broad and intense peak (from -30 to 250 °C) with different level of energy was noticed. That peak could be ascribed to the multiple relaxations and breaking of the PAni intra and inter hydrogen bonds after sulfonation.
The aim of this research is to analyze the extension of changes in technological strategies of a group of Brazilian pharmaceutical companies, which we believe were induced by transformations in the institutionalResumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a extensão das mudanças nas estratégias tecnológicas de um grupo de empresas farmacêuticas de capital nacional ensejadas por alterações no ambiente institucional ocorridas na década de 1990, como as leis de patentes e do medicamento genérico. Essas mudanças institucionais poderiam induzir transformações na inserção de mercado e na posição competitiva dessas empresas e desencadear um processo de intensificação do esforço de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de tecnologia farmacêutica no país, com ampliação dos recursos dedicados a esse fim, montagem de novas estruturas organizacionais e formação de esquemas de cooperação com agentes externos às empresas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta pesquisa, embora precedida de uma revisão abrangente da literatura pertinente, caracteriza-se como um estudo de multicasos. As empresas que compõem a amostra pesquisada foram definidas a partir do cruzamento de dois critérios: i) são todas empresas de porte relevante, situadas entre as maiores no ranking nacional do setor; e ii) a identificação na literatura setorial de casos que sugeriam inflexão nas estratégias tecnológicas. A pesquisa confirmou que as empresas estudadas passaram por uma significativa intensificação do esforço tecnológico, o que não impede que, relativamente ao padrão de concorrência vigente em escala internacional, esses esforços continuem a ser em média pequenos e tenham impactos modestos. Estratégias tecnológicas em transformação: um estudo da indústria farmacêutica brasileira
The magnetic behavior and its relationship with microwave absorbing properties have been investigated for doped Z-type barium hexaferrites ( , and Zn 2+ ions make possible the use of these materials as RAMs, due to the frequency dependence of μ r * (permeability), responsible for the location of the hexaferrite natural resonance.The Cu 2+ ions distort the crystalline field due to their electronic configuration, and this behavior results in an increase in the saturation magnetization (M s ), which improve the magnetic permeability. Similarly, the superparamagnetic contribution (associated to the nanometric size) led to the improvement of the microwave absorption.
This paper addresses the use of a data analysis tool, known as robust principal component analysis (RPCA), in the context of change detection (CD) in ultrawideband (UWB) very high-frequency (VHF) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The method considers image pairs of the same scene acquired at different time instants. The CD method aims to maximize the probability of detection (PD) and minimize the false alarm rate (FAR). Such aim fits into a multiobjective optimization problem, since maximizing the probability of detection generally implies an increase in the number of false alarms. In that sense, varying the RPCA regularization parameter leads to PD variation with respect to FAR, which is known as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. To evaluate the proposed method, the CARABAS-II data set was considered. The experimental results show that RPCA via principal component pursuit (PCP) can provide a good trade-off between PD and FAR. A comparison between the results obtained with the proposed method and a classical CD algorithm based on the likelihood ratio test provides the pros and cons of the proposed method.
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