-The study of spatial distribution of the insects is fundamental to elaborate sampling plans with potential for use in integrated pest management. Field experiments were carried out for Bemisa tabaci B biotype in common bean Phaseolus vulagaris L. in a 10,000 m 2 area, divided in 100 equal 10 x 10 m plots, at the November and February plantings. Ten plants per plot were sampled weekly. One foliole per plant was collected and the presence-absence of whitefly nymphs was assessed on the abaxial surface. For adults, the presence-absence of the pest was observed visually on the plants. In all the samplings lower values were obtained than the unit for the variance/mean relationship, indicating a regular placing of the whitefly in the field, which was confirmed by the significant values detected for the ⏐d⏐statistic and by the values lower than the unit presented by the Morisita index. The positive binomial distribution was the most suitable to represent the spatial distribution of B. tabaci biotype B in the bean crop.KEY WORDS: Insecta, whitefly, binomial distribution, sampling RESUMO -O estudo da distribuição espacial de pragas é fundamental para elaboração de planos de amostragem que possam propiciar maior adoção do manejo integrado de pragas. Para Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B em feijoeiro Phaseolus vulgaris L., foram conduzidos ensaios de campo em uma área de 10.000 m 2 , dividida em 100 parcelas iguais de 10 x 10 m, nas épocas de semeadura "das águas" e "da seca". As amostragens foram realizadas semanalmente, em 10 plantas por parcela. Coletou-se um folíolo por planta e avaliou-se a presença-ausência de ninfas da mosca-branca na página abaxial. Para adultos, observou-se visualmente a presença-ausência da praga nas plantas. Em todas as amostragens obtiveram-se valores menores que a unidade para a relação variância/média, indicando disposição regular da mosca-branca no campo, confirmada pelos valores significativos da estatística ⏐d⏐, do teste de afastamento da aleatoriedade, assim como pelos valores inferiores à unidade do índice de Morisita. A distribuição binomial positiva foi o modelo mais adequado para representar a distribuição espacial da B. tabaci biótipo B na cultura do feijão.

The population of the brown root stink bug, Scaptocoris castanea Perty, was studied in a crop-livestock integration system. This integrated system consisted of corn crop associated with Brachiaria decumbens pasture at the Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, in São José do Rio Preto (49°26' W; 20°49' S), state of São Paulo, Brazil. In each plot of the integrated crop-livestock system, which was consisted of six treatments and four replicates, four 0.25 m(2) and 0.30-m-deep samples of soil and roots were taken for analysis. These samples were stratified in 0.10-m layers, in which the number of nymphs and adults of S. castanea were assessed. These evaluations occurred monthly, from November 2008 to April 2009. The number of brown bug nymphs and adults was higher in areas where corn was cultivated for two consecutive years and in plots where pasture was renewed every 2 years. Lower insect population densities were observed in plots that remained as Brachiaria pasture. Therefore, S. castanea population is larger in integrated crop-livestock system (corn crop associated with B. decumbens), with no tillage.

-Sequential sampling (presence-absence) has been used in integrated pest management because it is quick and efficient for pests that are difficult to quantify. For Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B management a sequential sampling plan was developed based on the presence or absence of the whitefly on common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) regardless of the number. The experiments were carried out at the November (2000/01) and February (2002) sowings in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, using an area of 1 ha, subdivided into 100 (10 x 10 m) equal plots. Ten plants were assessed randomly in each plot, considering only whether the whitefly was present or not. The level of economic damage adopted was 10% infestation. From the analyzed data, two lines were obtained, one superior, from which control is recommended (S 1 = 2,7095 + 0,1452n) and another inferior, were control is not recommended (S 0 = -2,7095 + 0,1452n). From the results it was ascertained that sequential sampling is efficient in indicating, or not, control of B. tabaci biotype B in the common bean crop.KEY WORDS: Whitefly, integrated pest management, positive binomial distribution, sampling RESUMO -A amostragem seqüencial (presença-ausência) vem sendo utilizada no manejo integrado de pragas pela rapidez e eficiência, principalmente, para pragas que são difíceis de serem quantificadas. Para o manejo de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B foi desenvolvido um plano de amostragem seqüencial, com base na presença ou ausência da praga em plantas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), independente do seu número. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas épocas de semeadura "das águas" (2000/01) e "da seca" (2002), em Jaboticabal -SP, utilizando-se área de 1 ha, subdividida em 100 parcelas iguais de 100 m 2 (10 x 10 m). Em cada parcela foram avaliadas 10 plantas ao acaso, considerando-se somente se a mosca-branca estava ou não presente. O nível de dano econômico adotado foi de 10% de infestação. A partir dos dados analisados, foram obtidas duas retas: uma superior (S 1 = 2,7095 + 0,1452n), a partir da qual recomenda-se o controle; e outra inferior (S 0 = -2,7095 + 0,1452n), até a qual o controle não é recomendado. Pelos resultados verifica-se que a amostragem seqüencial é eficiente na indicação ou não do controle da B. tabaci biótipo B na cultura do feijão. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mosca-branca, manejo integrado de pragas, distribuição binomial positiva, amostragem O feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem especial importância para o Brasil, que se destaca entre os cinco países responsáveis por mais de 60% da produção mundial. Porém, a produtividade média de feijão (400 a 600 kg.ha -1

The present study evaluated the survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in pastures of Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens and U. brizantha, submitted to seed treatment with fipronil (Amulet®) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), and dry mass yield. The experiment, carried out at the APTA Experimental Unity, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, was designed in randomly blocks, with six treatments (factorial 2x3) and four replications. Sowing was manual, with 12.0 kg ha-1 seeds. Twenty adults were released on the plot, in a 40x40x70 cm cage, forty-nine days after sowing. The insects were sampled every two days during twelve days, without replacement of dead insects. Injuries caused by the spittlebug were evaluated by a rating scale and by productivity (dry mass yield). Data were analyzed by F-test and means compared by Tukey’s test (p≤0.05). The survival of adults was higher in the U. decumbens pasture than in the U. brizantha pasture. Results show that seed treatment with thiamethoxam reduced the survival of D. flavopicta in pasture formation, but did not influence the injuries caused by insect and the dry mass yield of forage species.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do fungo Beauveria bassiana (isolado CG 716) no manejo de Spodoptera frugiperda e Rhopalosiphum maidis em milho. Diante disso, montou-se um experimento em blocos ao acaso, utilizando parcelas subdivididas, contendo dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: B. bassiana , formulado em óleo vegetal, nas doses de 2,0, 4,0 e 6,0 x 1012 conídios ha-1, lambda-cialotrina (7,5 i.a. ha-1) e testemunha (sem aplicação). As aplicações foram realizadas a partir dos 10 dias após a emergência (DAE) das plantas, sendo repetidas aos 16, 23 e 31 DAE. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente coletando-se dez plantas consecutivas por parcela e armazenadas em sacos plásticos, para posterior destruição do cartucho e contagem de lagartas, pulgões e inimigos naturais em laboratório. Não ocorreram diferenças significativas em populações de S. frugiperda e R .maidis em lavouras de milho submetidas ou não a aplicações de defensivos; entretanto, na variedade convencional, aos 40 DAE, foi constatado que um maior número médio pulgõessob aplicação do bioinseticida na dosagem de 2,0 x 1012 conídios ha-1. B. bassiana ,em associação com a tecnologia Bt , não produziu resultados satisfatórios no controle de S. frugiperda e R. maidis nas condições em que foi testado.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de doses do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae (isolado IBCB 425) no controle da cigarrinha-das-pastagens Deois flavopicta, foi conduzido um ensaio de campo em pastagem de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), no Município de Itatinga, SP, no período de fevereiro a maio de 2006. Arroz contendo M. anisopliae esporulado foi lavado em água, coado e aplicado a partir das 17h, sob temperatura média de 18° C e umidade relativa de 69%. O volume de calda utilizado foi de 300 L ha-1. As avaliações procederam-se aos 14, 29 e 44 dias após a aplicação do entomopatógeno, contando-se as cigarrinhas (ninfas) por ponto de 0,0625 m2 (quadrado de 0,25 m x 0,25 m). Pelos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que M. anisopliae (IBCB 425), nas doses de 16x1012 e 20x1012 conídios viáveis ha-1, é eficiente no controle de D. flavopicta em pastagem de capim-braquiária (B. decumbens).

Studies on the propagation of medicinal and ornamental plant species show of great relevance as they contribute to the domestication, cultivation and production of these species. However, there are not enough information concerning the interaction of the different plant growth regulators and the recommended dilution vehicles. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethanol as rooting inducers, as well as their performance as vehicles for diluting indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in stem cuttings of the species Varronia curassavica and Melaleuca alternifolia. Stem cuttings of both species were submitted to the treatments: control with distilled water, hydroethanolic solution (50% v v-1), NaOH solution in distilled water, indolebutyric acid diluted in hydroethanolic solution, indolebutyric acid diluted in NaOH solution, naphthalene acetic acid diluted in hydroethanolic acid and naphthalene acetic acid diluted in NaOH solution (0.5 N). The design used was completely randomized, with the averages compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Better rooting of the cuttings was observed when IBA was applied using both dilution vehicles. For M. alternifolia, percentages of average survival of 26.43% were verified. Rooting was more satisfactory when using NaOH as a dilution vehicle for both IBA (16.66%) and NAA (23.33%). For V. curassavica, IBA (2000 mg L-1) is the most suitable plant regulator, diluted in both hydroethanolic solution and in NaOH, while for M. alternifolia, NaOH is recommended as a dilution vehicle for plant growth regulators NAA (500 mg L-1) and IBA (500 mg L-1). When applied isolated, the dilution vehicles do not stimulate and do not harm the rooting of the two species.

The South American cucurbit fruit fly, Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of cucurbits and is classified as a quarantine species in many countries. In Brazil, A. grandis has a limited distribution; it is absent from northern and northeastern Brazil and distributed discontinuously in other parts of the country. To indirectly evaluate the influence of climatic and edaphic variables on the occurrence of A. grandis, we used data based on 4 years of cucurbit fruit collections from all mesoregions of the state of São Paulo. Our results show evidence that A. grandis is constrained by a minimum air temperature above 12°C, low (<20°C) and high (>29°C) maximum air temperature, and by low rainfall and relative humidity, occurring at altitudes from 520 to 780 m. More importantly, A. grandis was not collected in central to western São Paulo, where sandy soil and low soil water availability predominate and the climate is hot and dry. Our findings suggest that soil texture and moisture may be limiting factors for pupal survivorship of A. grandis, and consequently edaphic characteristics should be taken into account in studies on its geographical distribution. Based on our results, central to western São Paulo state can potentially be classified as an area of low pest prevalence. Moreover, in countries where cucurbit species are cultivated in such conditions, it is not likely that A. grandis could become established.