The spatial arrangement of soybean plants, determined by row spacing and seeding rate, affects the intraspecific competition for water, light, and nutrients, as well as plant architecture and grain development, quality, and chemical composition. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of row spacing and seeding rate on the grain size produced, and the influence of these three factors on chlorophyll retention and protein and oil content in grain. Two experiments were conducted in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 growing seasons, using a 4 × 3 factorial randomized block design with three replications. Four different row spacings [20 cm (narrow row), 50 cm (conventional), 20/80 cm (twin rows) and crossed lines (50 cm)] and three seeding rates (150, 300, and 450 thousand viable seeds ha -1 ) were evaluated. The grains were classified by size using oblong sieves and then the effects of spatial arrangements and size of grain on the percentage of green grains and protein and oil contents were evaluated. Higher plant densities were associated with larger grain size, whereas the effects of spacing between the rows on the grain size varied between growing seasons. The arrangement in cross-rows and high plant density produced a higher percentage of green grains under weather conditions favorable to the development of this attribute. The effects of plant spatial arrangements on the contents of protein and oil in grains were variable, and it was not possible to determine whether the spatial arrangement of plants had an effect on the levels of protein and oil in grains. Larger grains had higher protein content, but oil contents were not affected by grain size. Key words: Glycine max L. Grain quality. Green grains. Row spacing. Seeding rate. ResumoO arranjo espacial de plantas de soja, determinado pelo espaçamento entre as fileiras e pela densidade de semeadura, afeta a competição intraespecífica por água, luz e nutrientes, bem como a arquitetura da planta, podendo influenciar na formação, qualidade e composição química dos grãos produzidos. Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o efeito do espaçamento entre fileiras e da densidade de semeadura no tamanho dos grãos produzidos e qual a influência desses três fatores na retenção de clorofila e nos teores de proteína e óleo nos grãos. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos nas safras 2013/14 e 2014/15, com delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x3, com três repetições. Foram avaliados quatro espaçamentos entre fileiras: 20 cm (reduzido), 50 cm (convencional), 20/80 cm (fileira dupla) e 50 cm cruzado e três densidades de semeadura (150, 300 e 450 mil sementes viáveis ha -1 ). Os grãos produzidos foram classificados em peneiras de crivos oblongos. Após, avaliaram-se os efeitos do arranjo espacial e do tamanho dos grãos sobre a porcentagem de grãos verdes e os teores de proteína e óleo. As maiores densidades de plantas possibilitam a formação de grãos com maior tamanho, enquanto os efeitos de espaçamentos entre as fileiras sobre o tamanho dos grãos são vari...

In the past decades, desert rose has become a very popular ornamental plant, especially among collectors, due to its exotic and sculptural forms. However, it has been grown on a commercial scale only recently, and little is known about how to best manage it as a container-grown plant, or even which potting medium (substrate) to recommend. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between potting media and irrigation levels for growing desert rose as a potted ornamental plant. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement with six replications, six potting media and two irrigation levels. The mixes were characterized by measuring their physical properties, specifically the density and water retention capacity (WRC), as well as chemical properties, such as the pH and electrical conductivity (EC). After 210 days, plant growth and plant water consumption were evaluated and measured. A lower dry density for the vermiculite mixes was observed in comparison to that for the sand mixes. However, WRC ranged from 428 to 528 mL L-1 among the mixes, values considered close to ideal. In general, plant growth exhibited higher increases in mixes consisting of coconut fiber + sand or vermiculite, regardless of the irrigation level. Mixes of vermiculite + coconut fiber and sand + coconut fiber can be used to grow desert rose in pots, as long as irrigation is used to maintain the moisture content of the potting medium (mix) between 60-70% and 80-90% of the WRC.

RESUMONo presente trabalho foram avaliados os elementos ambientais: temperatura do solo, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, nas condições de ambiente protegido (coberto com polietileno) e de campo, num período sem cultura (solo sem cobertura vegetal) e num outro com a cultura do pimentão, em anos diferentes, nas condições climáticas de Botucatu, SP. O híbrido de pimentão utilizado foi o Margarita, que apresenta frutos vermelhos quando maduros. A temperatura do solo foi monitorada por dois sensores eletrônicos instalados a 0,1m de profundidade, sendo um na condição de ambiente protegido e outro na condição de campo, e a temperatura e umidade do ar foram monitoradas por dois sensores eletrônicos instalados a 2m de altura (ambiente protegido e campo). O efeito do pimentão alterando o microclima de cultivo foi observado na temperatura do solo, que apresentou menores valores do índice no período com a cultura, uma vez que o dossel funcionou como uma barreira física que impediu que a radiação solar chegasse ao solo. Os valores encontrados para o índice da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no período sem a cultura foram muito próximos aos encontrados no período com a cultura, não caracterizando o efeito do pimentão sobre essas variáveis. UNITERMOS:Influência da cultura, temperatura do solo, temperatura e umidade do ar, pimentão. AGUIAR E SILVA, M. A.; ESCOBEDO, J. F.; GALVANI, E. INFLUENCE OF BELL PEPPER CROP (Capsicum annuum L.) ON GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES 2 ABSTRACT

Spectral remote sensing and proximal sensors are important tools for managing the plant-pathogen relationship. The lack of experimental planning and the probability of error in agricultural studies may result in work repetition and, consequently, in financial expenses and costs with human resources. To reduce such problems, determining the optimum size of the experimental plot for treatments is one of the adopted methods. The objective of this study was to estimate the optimum plot size for reflectance in soybeans that were treated with different fungicide levels according to the methods of modified maximum curvature and maximum distance. Reflectance readings were carried out for the soybean crop with a radiometer GreenSeeker®, considering basic units of 0.45 m² in an area of ten rows, 10 m long, for each treatment. Treatments were applied to create a gradient of Asian soybean rust, varying the number of fungicide applications. Data were collected in two phenological stages (R5.5 and R6), obtaining 300 simulations of experimental area for each stage. Based on the results, the use of 5.40 m² plots with a group of three rows, 4 m long, is recommended.

A fruticultura é um segmento de destaque da agricultura brasileira. O zoneamento agroclimático deve ser uma das primeiras informações a serem consideradas ao iniciar o cultivo de determinada cultura. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar o zoneamento de risco climático para a Bananeira (musa sp) na bacia do Rio Paraná 3, estado do Paraná. Para isso foram utilizados dados meteorológicos de 43 estações com recorte temporal de 1976-2018. A análise do risco climático foi pautada nas exigências climáticas da espécie, sendo estas, precipitação, deficiência hídrica anual, temperatura média anual e do mês mais frio e o risco de geada. A Bacia Hidrográfica Do Rio Paraná 3 possui regiões com baixo risco climático para a cultura da bananeira. A precipitação e o balanço hídrico apresentaram valores suficientes em todos os cenários testados. Apenas nos meses de verão em algumas localidades foi registrado déficit hídrico, mas que não restringe a produção. O fator mais limitante para a produção, em parte da bacia, é a ocorrência de geadas, restringindo assim, a produção na porção leste da bacia. No extremo oeste as baixas altitudes propiciam temperaturas máximas elevadas com frequência, devendo-se utilizar técnicas de manejo em ocorrência de calor extremo. Agricultural zoning of climate risk of banana tree (Musa Sp) in the Hydrographic Basin of Paraná River 3, BrazilA B S T R A C TFruticulture is a prominent segment of Brazilian agriculture. Agroclimatic zoning should be one of the first information to consider when starting a particular crop. Thus, the objective of this work was to perform climate risk zoning for Banana (musa sp) in the basin of Paraná River 3, Paraná state, South of Brazil. We used meteorological data from 43 stations from 1976-2018. The climate risk analysis was based on the climatic requirements of the species, such as rainfall, annual water deficit, average annual and coldest month temperature and the risk of frost. The findings of this study suggest that the basin has areas with low climate risk for banana crops. Rainfall precipitations and water balance were sufficient in all scenarios tested. Only in particular periods during the summer in specific locations was a water deficit registered, however that does not restrict production. The most limiting factor for production in part of the basin is the occurrence of frost, thus restricting production in the eastern portion of the basin. In the far west the low altitudes often provide high maximum temperatures and management techniques should be used in extreme heat.Keywords: fruticulture; climate variability; agrometeorology.

For the agriculture context, the water balance and precipitation analysis are essential for planning and decision-making. The objective of this work was to carry out the analyse of pluviometric variability, climatological water balance (CLIMWB) and the occurrence of dry spells in the Basin of Paraná River III, Paraná State, Brazil. For this purpose, 43 meteorological data from 43 stations, from 1976 to 2018, were used. Geoprocessing techniques were applied to regionalize rain data, in addition to box plots and probabilities to analyze precipitation and the occurrence of dry spells. A signficant precipitation variability was identified with regional and temporal discrepancies. Despite the Basin of Paraná River III is a rainy region in the Paraná State, the occurrence of dry spells was identified. Periods of 20 to 30 days with no precipitation event in the region they were also frequent, due the annual occurrence risks ranging from 80 to 50 %, respectively. The risk of 40 consecutive days without rain has already proved to be nil. The water balance exhibited sufficient values for agricultural practice with water surplus along the Basin. However, when analyzing dry years, a water deficit of more than 100 mm in a single month can occur.

A cultura da soja (Glycine Max L.) faz parte da rotação de culturas praticadas pelos irrigantes do sudoeste paulista, os quais praticam o plantio direto como forma de uso sustentável do solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dessa prática conservacionista sobre as propriedades físico-hídricas do solo, sobre sua compactação, sobre o desenvolvimento radicular e sobre a produtividade da cultura da soja, comparativamente com o preparo convencional. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Buriti-Mirim, município de Angatuba, SP (23º30'13" S, 48º35'37" W; 640m), durante o segundo semestre de 2003, utilizando uma área de Argissolo Acinzentado irrigada por pivô central, dividida em dois tipos de manejo do solo preparo convencional e plantio direto. Embora no plantio direto tenha-se encontrado maior densidade do solo, menor quantidade de água disponível e menor resistência do solo à penetração, os dois manejos não diferiram quanto ao desenvolvimento radicular e a produtividade da soja. Palavras PHYSICAL-HYDRIC PROPERTIES, ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND IRRIGATED SOYBEAN YIELD IN TWO TYPES OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ABSTRACTThe soybean culture is part of crop rotation used by irrigators from the southwestern region of São Paulo State that perform no-tillage soil management as a form of sustainable soil use. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of this conservationist practice on physicalhydric properties, soil compaction, root development, and soybean culture production