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RESUMO:O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar um sistema de bombeamento de água acionado por painéis fotovoltaicos instalados nas dependências da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Medianeira -PR. O município está localizado no oeste paranaense (25º17'43" S; 54º03'38" e 500,7 m). O sistema trabalhou em situação real de funcionamento, bombeando água à altura de 20 m. Foram coletados dados de fevereiro a novembro de 2005; utilizou-se coletor de dados computadorizado da Campbell Scientific INC., que possibilitou adquirir e armazenar os dados de irradiância solar no plano do painel, tensão e corrente gerada, temperatura no painel e vazão. Por meio de cálculos, obtiveram-se os valores de potência e eficiência do sistema. O solstício de inverno apresentou eficiência de 9,58% com bombeamento diário de 2.056 litros, enquanto o solstício de verão apresentou eficiência de 9,07% com bombeamento diário de 2.377 litros. A maior eficiência nos dias de inverno está ligada às menores temperaturas se comparada aos dias de verão, e o fator que provocou a maior vazão de água bombeada nos dias de verão está atrelado ao tempo de insolação, que é maior se comparado aos dias de inverno. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:bombeamento, energia, fotovoltaica, eficiência. WATER PUMPING IN A SYSTEM FED BY PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS ABSTRACT:The main objective of this paper is to evaluate a water pumping system powered by photovoltaic panels installed at Federal Technological University of Paraná -UTFPR, in Medianeira, State of Paraná, Brazil. The city is located at the West of Paraná (25º17'43"; 54º03'38" and 500.7 meters -1,642.72 feet). The system operated in a real working situation, pumping water to 20 meters (65.62 feet) of elevation. The data were collected, from February 2005 to November 2005, by means of a computerized data collector made by Campbell Scientific Inc that made possible to acquire and store irradiance values in the panel plane, generated current and voltage, panel temperature and outflow. Through calculations, the power and the system efficiency were obtained. Winter solstice showed 9.58% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,056 liters (543.14 gallons) whereas summer solstice confirmed 9.07% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,377 liters (627.86 gallons). The higher efficiency in winter days is associated to the lowest temperature in those days compared to summer days, and the factor that led to a larger pumped water outflow in the summer days was related to solar insolation time that is longer if compared to winter days.

Quality of the leaves of Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Lamiaceae) dried in solar dryer and oven. This paper describes the physicochemical composition, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity by free DPPH radicals using the scavenging method, the determination of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds of ethanol, acetone and aqueous extracts of the medicinal plant Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Lamiaceae), dehydrated in solar dryer and circulation oven at 60 °C. Water activity rates for two drying methods were below the minimum necessary for growth and toxin production of important food pathogens. Physicochemical results showed that both processes were effective in the dehydration of P. barbatus. The results demonstrated that the acetone (over) and ethanol (over and solar dryer) extracts showed the highest content of total phenols. The ethanol extract (over) showed the highest amount of flavonoids and better antioxidant activity (75.71 ± 10.57 µg L -1 ).

ABSTRACT. This study analyzed the external factors that influence the yield obtained from photovoltaic modules (Solarex ® -MSX 56), as solar irradiance, temperature, placement angle and dust deposition on the photovoltaic modules installed at the facilities of the Medianeira campus of the UTFPR, working under real conditions. To obtain the data it was used a datalogger from Campbell Scientific, Inc, model CR23X. It was observed that under solar irradiance below 550 W m -2 the panel did not convert maximum power, and above this value the panel reached saturation levels. Temperature increase led to reduced voltage, and consequently lower module output power, decreasing the efficiency value by nearly 6% at temperatures 15 o C above the Standard Test Conditions (STC) temperature. These panels are usually placed at different angles according to local latitude, remaining fixed in that position. In comparison with a horizontally-placed panel, it was obtained a 4-hour increase in yield when the panel reached saturation value. Dust levels reduced electricity production levels by approximately 16%. These factors must be taken into account for placement and maintenance of photovoltaic systems, so they can function efficiently.Keywords: solar irradiance, temperature, deposited dust, positioning.Rendimento de módulos fotovoltáicos em situação real de trabalho no oeste do Paraná -Brasil RESUMO. Neste trabalho foram analisados os fatores externos que influenciaram no rendimento de painéis fotovoltáicos (Solarex ® -MSX 56) como irradiância solar, temperatura, ângulo de instalação e sujeira acumulada sobre os painéis fotovoltáicos, instalados nas dependências da UTFPR, Câmpus Medianeira, funcionando em condição real. Para obter os dados foi utilizado um datalogger da Campbell Scientific-Inc, modelo CR23X. Verificou-se que na irradiância abaixo de 550 W m -2 o painel não converteu sua potência máxima e, acima de 550 W m -2 , o painel atingiu o valor de saturação. O aumento da temperatura provocou redução na tensão e, portanto, na potência de saída do painel, diminuindo a eficiência cerca de 6% em temperaturas com 15 o C acima da temperatura Standard Test Conditions (STC). É usual instalar o painel inclinado conforme a latitude do local e mantê-lo fixo nesta posição. Comparando a um painel instalado na posição horizontal, obteve-se acréscimo de 4h no rendimento em ocasiões em que o painel atingiu o valor de saturação. A geração de energia elétrica reduziu cerca de 16% o nível de sujeira. Estes fatores devem ser considerados na instalação e manutenção de sistemas fotovoltáicos para que funcionem com eficiência.Palavras-chave: irradiância solar, temperatura, sujeira acumulada, posicionamento.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of strobilurin (pyraclostrobin) + triazole (epoxiconazole) fungicides application on the proximate composition of soybeans. Six treatments of varying numbers of fungicide applications following soybean germination, termed T1 (control), T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, were assessed for this experiment. Based on the results, there were only minor differences in the proximate composition of soybeans in terms of moisture, ash, crude protein, and total lipid contents. In contrast, there were large effects on the contents of phenolic compounds and the levels of phytosterols and tocopherols, which varied greatly among the fungicide application treatments. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to identify critical issues regarding the potential for the production of soybeans enriched in phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and essential fatty acids (α-linolenic and linoleic acids, representatives of the omega-3 and omega-6 families, respectively) associated with the number of sprayings applied during the development of soybean crops.

ABSTRACT. The study of composting technique becomes relevant to management of organic waste generated in an undertaking agricultural research. Therefore, this paper aimed to evaluate the efficiency of stabilization of organic matter in two composting systems: controlled (plowings and irrigations fortnightly) and natural. It has been tested two piles (controlled and natural) during 120 days in four treatments: soy straw (T1), wheat straw (T2), tree pruning (T3), mixture of soy and wheat straw and tree pruning (T4) with organic residues from the recycling program + soybeans. There was monitoring of temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C, N, C/N ratio and reduction of mass and volume. In the controlled treatments, the thermophilic phase was lower, the moisture was in the ideal ratio for the process (with lower values in the natural treatments), and there was a decrease of 3-4 times of the values of EC and the higher reductions of mass and volume. In all treatments, the values of pH were neutral and the C/N ratio declined 37-50%, assuming final values of matured composts. It has been concluded that regardless of mixtures of waste, the controlled treatments, in the period of 120 days, were more efficient in stabilize the organic material.Keywords: organic residues from the recycling program, soybeans, wheat straw, soybean straw, pruning trees.Tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos gerados em instituto de pesquisa agropecuária via compostagem em condições natural e controlada RESUMO. O estudo da técnica de compostagem se torna relevante para gestão dos resíduos orgânicos gerados em um empreendimento de pesquisa agropecuária. Sendo assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência da estabilização da matéria orgânica em dois sistemas de compostagem: controlado (revolvimentos e irrigação quinzenalmente) e natural. Foram testadas duas leiras (controlada e natural) durante 120 dias em quatro tratamentos: palha de soja (T1), palha de trigo (T2), poda de árvore (T3) mistura de palhas de soja e trigo com poda de árvore (T4) com resíduos orgânicos da coleta seletiva + grãos de soja. Monitorou-se temperatura, umidade, pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), C, N, relação C/N e redução de massa e volume. Nos tratamentos controlados a fase termófila foi menor, a umidade esteve na faixa ideal para o processo (valores abaixo nos naturais), houve diminuição de três a quatro vezes dos valores de CE e as maiores reduções de massa e volume. Em todos os tratamentos os valores de pH foram neutros e houve redução de 37 a 50% da relação C/N, assumindo valores finais de compostos maturados. Conclui-se que, independente da mistura de resíduos, os tratamentos controlados no período de 120 dias, foram mais eficientes em estabilizar a matéria orgânica.Palavras-chave: resíduos orgânicos da coleta seletiva, grãos de soja, palha de trigo, palha de soja, poda de árvores.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of GreenSeeker® (radiometer) the ideal time of application of fungicide on soybeans and the relationship between NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and productivity. Two experiments were conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crops), both with experimental design of random blocks (6x4). The treatments aimed at obtaining a disease gradient (Asian soybean rust) by means of different numbers and times of application of fungicide. The quantification of the severity of the disease was made through the diagram scale and the readings of NDVI. Were analyzed the total mass, the 1.000 grains mass, the humidity, and productivity in kg ha-1. A decrease in productivity was observed in connection with the delay in the application of the fungicide and the same happened in the area below the NDVI curve. At the same time when a statistical difference between the treatments of the severity was observed there was also a significant statistical difference (P<0.05) between the values of NDVI. The NDVI contributes to decision making about the best moment for the application of fungicide in the culture of soy for the control of Asian rust and presents regular results for the estimation of productivity.

ResumoA energia elétrica é uma das formas de energia mais utilizadas no mundo. Ela é gerada, principalmente, nas usinas hidrelétricas, usando o potencial energético da água. A instalação de painéis fotovoltaicos tem se tornado uma fonte alternativa de fornecimento de energia elétrica em locais distantes da rede elétrica. Entretanto, esses painéis, apresentamse sujeitos a fatores ambientais como variações de intensidade solar e temperatura ambiente, que alteram os seus desempenhos. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o desempenho, em função da variação de temperatura e irradiação solar, de um sistema fotovoltaico de bombeamento de água na cidade de Medianeira, Região Oeste Paranaense. Palavras-Chave: Painéis fotovoltaicos; Bombeamento de água; Temperatura; Irradiação. Influence of environmental factors on the performance of a photovoltaic pumping system: a case studyAbstract Electricity is one of the most widely used forms of energy in the world. It is produced mainly in hydroelectric power plants, using the potential energy of water. The installation of photovoltaic panels has become an alternative source of electrical power in remote locations of the grid. However, these panels present themselves subject to environmental factors such as variations in solar intensity and ambient temperature, which alter their performance. The objective of this work is to analyze the performance, depending on the variation of temperature and solar radiation, a photovoltaic water pumping in the city of Medianeira, Western Region Paranaense.