A new protocol is presented for on-demand loop-free routing in ad hoc networks. The new protocol, called labeled distance routing (LDR) protocol, uses a distance invariant to establish an ordering criterion and per-destination sequence numbers to reset the invariant :resulting in loop-freedom at every instant. The distance invariant allows nodes to change their next hops or distances to destinations without creating routing-table loops. The destination sequence number, which only the destination may increment, permits nodes to reset the values of their distance invariants. The performance of LDR is compared against the performance of three other protocols that are representative of the state-of-theart, namely AODV, DSR and OLSR.

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Abstract-We present the design and performance of a new approach to packet switching for MANETs, which we call Context Aware Protocol Engines (CAPE). With CAPE, nodes disseminate information in the network by means of contextaware packet switching that enables the statistical multiplexing of bandwidth, processing and storage resources using integrated signaling covering channel access, routing and other functions, to share and store the context within which information is disseminated. Data packet headers consist of simple pointers to their context, and elections and opportunistic reservations integrated with routing are used to attain high throughput and low channel-access delay.

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