This correlational cross-sectional study was designed to investigate whether the intimate partner violence (IPV) suffered by mothers (physical and psychological maltreatment), child eyewitness of psychological and physical maltreatment suffered by the mother, the neglect suffered by children, and the maltreatment (physical and psychological) directly suffered by children are statistically associated to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms exhibited by the child. In addition, the prevalence of child PTSD was estimated, as well as the concordance between the PTSD symptoms assessed by the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for child PTSD. The sample consisted of 152 Spanish children aged 8 to 17 and their mothers, who were recruited from Centers of Specialized Assistance for Women Victims of IPV. PTSD prevalence was 20.4%. The results of a canonical correlation analysis showed that the two types of maltreatment with the largest contribution to the canonical variable were physical maltreatment directly suffered by the child, and child eyewitness of physical maltreatment suffered by the mother. The potential developmental pathway of PTSD when both children and mothers suffer severe maltreatment needs to be examined, and this will contribute to the choice of the most effective type of specialized intervention.

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El trauma psíquico es una transversalidad en la historia de la humanidad, pero de diagnóstico tardío, especialmente en lo que refiere a su incorporación a los sistemas de clasificación en psicopatología como Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT). Desde ese momento hasta nuestros días han ido en aumento los estudios sobre TEPT, avanzando primero en las formas de evaluación específica y posteriormente en las propuestas de intervención, con énfasis en población adulta. Otros trabajos han evidenciado que, la semiológica del TEPT en niños y adolescentes, no puede ser analizada y  bordada de igual manera que en población adulta. En este artículo se presentan los resultados generales de estudios sobre el TEPT en la infancia y adolescencia y los trabajos sobre un Listado de apoyo a los Clínicos para la evaluación del TEPT y del TEPTC o DESNOS, con algunos de los resultados preliminares de los estudios realizados con población de menores en situación de abuso y maltrato.

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Resumen: El maltrato infantil está principalmente asociado al trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEP). El tratamiento psicológico considerado de elección para este trastorno es la terapia cognitivo-conductual, en la que se utilizan la técnica de exposición. Esta técnica está infrautilizada en la práctica clínica, ya que tanto los psicólogos/as como los pacientes la consideran altamente aversiva y dolorosa. Actualmente existen varios estudios que avalan la utilidad de la realidad virtual (RV) en el tratamiento del TEP, superando algunas limitaciones de la terapia de exposición. El grupo de la Dra. C. Botella, en la Universidad Jaime I de Castellón, ha desarrollado un sistema de RV llamado «El mundo de EMMA» con el fin de facilitar el procesamiento emocional de las emociones relacionadas con reacciones postraumáticas en adultos. Para su aplicación en menores traumatizados hemos realizado una adaptación del sistema EMMA, denominada EMMA-Infancia. En este trabajo, presentamos el sistema de RV y un protocolo de tratamiento (cognitivo-comportamentalemocional) que se aplica apoyado por esta nueva tecnología en un estudio de caso de un menor maltratado.Palabras clave: Maltrato infantil; tratamiento del TEPT; realidad virtual; EMMA-Infancia. The virtual reality system EMMA-Childhood in the psychological treatment of a minor with posttraumatic stress disorderAbstract: Child abuse is mainly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The treatment of choice for this disorder is considered to be cognitive-behavioral therapy, which uses exposure techniques. This technique is underused in clinical practice on account of both psychologist and patients considering it to be highly aversive and painful. Currently there are several studies supporting the usefulness of virtual reality (VR) in the treatment of PTSD, overcoming some of the limitations of exposure therapy. Dr. C. Botella's team from the University Jaime I of Castellón, has developed a VR system called «EMMA's world» with a view to easing the emotional processing of emotions related to post-traumatic reactions in adults. For its use in traumatized children we adapted the EMMA system, called EMMA-Childhood. In this paper we present the VR system, and the treatment protocol (cognitive-behavioral-emotional) that was used based upon this new technology in a minor abuse case study.

The COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions imposed to stop its advance have affected the entire population. Children living with difficulties or in vulnerable situations prior to the pandemic might have suffered an even greater impact. This present study examines the psychological impact of quarantine on children and adolescents exposed to intimate partner violence against their mothers. Participants were 185 mothers who reported 269 children, as well as 108 children who self-reported. An emotional and behavioral checklist was administered to both mothers and children throughout confinement. Results show mothers observed changes in their children’s psychological state. Children, in turn, reported an increase in different variables. Mothers reported a higher percentage of overall increase for both general and severe symptoms than their children. Differences were found by sex and age. Future research with similar population groups is necessary to establish the support and intervention children require in similar contexts, as well as to clarify possible causes of differences found by age and sex.