Intense aerobic exercise has been found to prompt changes in oxidative stress, but in children remains almost unexplored. The aim was to investigate the effect of intense physical exercise on reduced glutathione (GSH as a biomarker of oxidative stress) and adrenocortical response (to verify a certain level of stress after exercise) in 38 prepubescent and 32 pubescent non-athlete boys. Four subgroups were established as puberty stage and physical fitness. Saliva samples were taken before and after incremental exercise testing to measure GSH, and cortisol levels. Saliva reduced glutathione levels were lower in all subgroups after exercise except in the prepubescent average fit group, significance being greater in the pubescent (P < 0.001) than in the prepubescent group (P < 0.01). Saliva cortisol increased after exercise in all except in the prepubescent "average fit" group. Physical exercise may give rise to oxidative stress and adrenocortical response in pubescent and prepubescent boys, depending on the duration and intensity of the test.

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The University is undergoing a process of refoundation with far-reaching epistemological changes. The EU's decision of developing a "knowledge based economy" need to establish common educational El diseño curricular por competencias en educación médica: impacto en la formación profesional.Lafuente, J.V. et al. El diseño curricular por competencias en educación médica.

This paper reports the reflections of a group of members of the University ofE n medicina es reconocido que la incorporación constante de nuevas tecnologías e innovaciones científicas traen avances para el abordaje de los procesos de salud enfermedad de las personas. Del mismo modo, los cambios en el diseño curricular y las prácticas de enseñanza, pueden convertirse en una oportunidad para proporcionar a los estudiantes sistemas de aprendizaje y planes de estudios más eficaces. Sin embargo, la implementación de cambios educativos asociados a estas innovaciones, es a menudo un desafío complejo para médicos y otros profesionales de la salud dedicados a la docencia y la administración de las escuelas universitarias, que se esfuerzan por lograr mayor calidad y pertinencia en sus programas formativos.En la actualidad, desde diferentes sectores se demandan cambios en la formación de las carreras de la salud; el Gobierno le pide a las universidades que sus egresados estén preparados para enfrentar los cambios demográficos y sanitarios con altos niveles de calidad; los estudiantes reclaman no solamente gratuidad, sino que calidad y compromiso social de las instituciones educativas; los académicos ven en sus respectivas disciplinas un permanente flujo de información a velocidades inimaginables 1 , que demandan constantes actualizaciones. Por su parte, desde las ciencias de la educación se responde intentando dejar de lado los aprendizajes memorísticos, poniendo énfasis en el desarrollo de la inteligencia y otras capacidades meta cognitivas como mecanismos para enfrentarse a las impredecibles exigencias profesionales futuras. En síntesis, las carreras de la salud se encuentran sometidas a demandas de cambios que provienen de fuentes externas e internas a las universidades y que las obligan a una constante revisión de sus estructuras y prácticas académicas.En el contexto antes descrito, la literatura evidencia la necesidad de desarrollar cambios en la educación médica para dar respuesta a los desafíos asociados a la salud de las personas salud de las personas, adaptando a la comunidad universitaria a estos cambios y conducir programas rigurosos 2 , que busquen coherencia entre las necesidades

Objective: To assess classical and non-classical metabolic risk biomarkers in prepubertal children with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Design: CRF was assessed by the 20 m shuttle run test. To estimate physical activity, participants were observed while engaged in an after-school programme. Additionally, a short test based on a validated questionnaire was used to obtain information about physical activity practice and sedentary habits. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and classical and non-traditional metabolic risk biomarkers -plasma lipid profile, glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), plasma uric acid, transaminases and C-reactive protein (CRP) -were measured. Setting: The study was conducted in local elementary schools in Córdoba, Spain. Subjects: One hundred and forty-one healthy children (eighty-eight boys, fiftythree girls) aged 7-12 years, in Tanner stage I, were recruited. They were divided into two groups after they performed the 20 m shuttle run test: equal or higher cardiovascular fitness (EHCF) group and low cardiovascular fitness (LCF) group. Results: The LCF group displayed significantly higher TAG (P 5 0?004) and lower HDL cholesterol levels (P 5 0?001), as well as significantly lower values for the non-traditional lipid marker apo-A1 (P 5 0?001) compared with the EHCF group. The LCF children displayed higher plasma glucose (P 5 0?003) and insulin levels, higher HOMA-IR scores (P , 0?001) and higher plasma uric acid and CRP levels (P , 0?05). After adjustment for BMI, age and sex, no statistically significant differences were found between groups for the biomarkers analysed. Conclusions: The study provides new information to understand the role not only of weight status but also of the level of CRF on the metabolic health profile of prepubertal children. Keywords Physical fitness Physical activity Metabolic biomarkers ChildhoodThe metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors driven by peripheral insulin resistance. Data from recent studies involving a population of children and adolescents indicate that the prevalence of MetS varies between 3 % and 12 % (1)