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International audienceOne of the challenges in the performance prediction of the supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) compressor is the real gas behavior of the working fluid near the critical point. This study deals with the establishment of an approach that allows coping with this particularity by dressing compressor performance maps in adequate reduced coordinates (i.e., suitable dimensionless speed and flow parameters inputs and pressure ratio and enthalpy rise outputs), while using CFD for its validation. Two centrifugal compressor designs have been considered in this work. The first one corresponds to a 6 kW small scale component implemented in a test loop at Tokyo Institute of Technology. The second one corresponds to a 38 MW scale 1:1 design considered at an early stage of a project that investigates sc-CO2 cycle for a Small Modular Reactor application. Numerical results on the former have been successfully confronted with the experimental data to qualify the ability of CFD to provide a performance database. Results on the latter have revealed a significant decrease in the static temperature and pressure during flow acceleration along the leading edge of the impeller blades. In this line, the increased risk of vapor pockets appearance inside a sc-CO2 compressor has been highlighted and recommendations regarding the choice of the on-design inlet conditions and the compressor design have been given to overcome this concern. CFD results on the scale 1:1 compressor have then been used to evaluate the relevancy of some previous performance maps approaches for a sc-CO2 compressor application. These include the conventional approach for ideal gas and its derivation, as well as a reference approach from the literature that was previously applied to model a sc-CO2 test compressor. As the dimensionless parameters of these approaches are found to yield discrepancies on the compressor performance, a revised approach that incorporates real gas formulations into turbomachinery key similarity parameters has been finally proposed. In support, an extensive number of CFD case studies has been carried out at various compressor inlet conditions, providing numerical results for its qualification. Accordingly, the proposed approach has been found to succeed in consistently representing and accurately predicting the sc-CO2 compressor performance over a wide operating range. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

ResumenEl presente artículo discute un aspecto fundamental de la representación política: la calidad de la política en sistemas donde los políticos tienen un carácter claramente profesional. Plantea los requisitos que debe cumplir el político profesional en el terreno de su dedicación y de la remuneración que percibe, y formula un modelo ideal de los elementos constitutivos de un político de calidad, con especial interés en el proceso formativo que integra la carrera de un político. AbstractThis article discusses a fundamental aspect of political representation: the relationship between the quality of politics and politicians in those systems where politicians are of a decidedly professional orientation. It establishes the requirements that a professional politician must meet in terms of time commitment and wages, proposing an ideal model of the elements that create a high quality politician, focusing particularly on the formative process involved in a political career.Palabras clave: Calidad de la política, profesionalización, políticos, calidad de los políticos

ResumenEste trabajo constituye un primer intento por comparar los perfiles ideológicos de los partidos políticos chilenos y uruguayos, con el objetivo de describir los patrones de competencia partidaria que caracterizan a cada sistema. Aplicando un análisis factorial sobre las respuestas de los legisladores de ambos países construimos aquí tres ejes ideológicos comunes: autoritarismo-democracia, Estado-mercado, religioso/conservador-secular/liberal, en los que cada partido es luego posicionado. Mediante el análisis de desvíos estándar también se estimará el grado de coherencia interna en el posicionamiento ideológico de cada partido. Aunque la evidencia sugiere que ambos sistemas se encuentran ideológicamente bien estructurados -al menos a nivel de elites parlamentarias-, también resulta claro que la importancia de cada eje ideológico y los propios patrones de competencia partidaria, varían en ambos sistemas de forma consistente con sus trayectorias de larga duración y con legados transicionales. AbstractThis paper presents a first attempt to compare the ideological profiles of Chilean and Uruguayan parties in order to describe the patterns of party-competition that characterize both systems. Drawing on survey responses offered by legislators and on the basis of a factor analysis strategy we construct three crossnational ideological axes: authoritarian-democratic, state-market, religious/conservative-secular/liberal, on which each party is then positioned. Through the analysis of standard deviations we also seek to measure the internal coherence of parties. Although we find that both party systems are ideologically well structured -at least at the elite level-, we also find that the salience of each axis and the patterns of partisan competition vary significantly across systems in a way that is predictable through a path-dependent analysis of their long-term characteristics and transitional legacies.

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Se realiza en el artículo un estudio estadístico de la calidad de la democracia en América Latina, para lo cual se utiliza los índices deFreedom House, IDD (Fundación Honrad Adenauer), EIU (The Economist Intelligence Unit) y el elaborado por Levine Molina (2007),que ostentan una similitud altamente significativa , los cuales han constatando grandes diferencias en la calidad de la democracia a nivelde los países de América Latina.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo explora el modo en que la variable regional afecta al sisterna de partidos y a los partidos en Ecuador en el período 1978-2000. Se argumenta que el sistema de partidos ecuatoriano se encuentra fragmentado regionalmente en dos subsistemas de partidos (Costa-Sierra) y, a la vez, los partidos se hallan fragmentados internamente en espacios regionales y hasta locales. El análisis de los partidos y los electores a partir de la presencia de la variable regional convierte al sistema de partidos ecuatoriano en un sistema mucho más estable que lo que se sostiene en la literatura sobre el tema.