This chapter outlines the background, nature, and explanations of existential crises. An unresolved existential crisis commonly causes depression. Crises occur in periods throughout the life cycle. They usually involve careers, relationships, or identity. The resolution often requires a development of a new stage of intellectual functioning, through which people can reflect on their interests and stage. The Existential Crisis Assessment measures severity of an existential crisis. A factor analysis showed the most important items in a person's existential crisis. My life, life in the universe, and relationships were the most important factors determining the severity of a person's existential crisis. The first solution is to match a person to a career. Another solution is to match one person to another. Three scales are used to match people to careers and partners: (1) decision-making measures how well a person addresses tasks of increasing difficulty; (2) perspective-taking predicts how well a person understands behavior of self and others; (3) core complexity interest scale identifies the reinforcement value of engaging. A further solution is that of cognitive behavioral therapy that can be used to both treat depression and offer training on social perspective-taking, a key ingredient to resolving one's crisis.
Objective: To find whether placental laterality as determined by ultrasound can be used as a predictor of the development of preeclampsia and to find its correlation with severity of preeclampsia and obstetric outcome. Material and methods: Antenatal care (ANC) patients attending the ANC clinic at 18 to 24 weeks fulfilling inclusion criteria were included. The location of the placenta was determined by ultrasonography at 18 to 24 weeks. The placenta was classified as central when it is equally distributed on the left or right side of the uterus. When 75% of the placenta is to one side of the midline, it was classified as right or left lateral. All subjects were followed throughout pregnancy for the development of signs and symptoms of preeclampsia which was diagnosed as per ACOG criteria. Results: Among 397 women studied, 53 cases were diagnosed with preeclampsia, while remaining 344 women were normal. Out of 53 cases, 41 (77.3%) had mild preeclampsia, while12 (22.7%) had severe preeclampsia. Out of 397 women studied, 205 (51.63%) women had lateral placenta and 192 (48.36%) women had central placenta. Out of 205 women with lateral placenta, 38 (18.53%) women developed preeclampsia. Out of 192 women who had central placenta only 15 (7.81%) developed preeclampsia. Conclusion:Thus the present study concludes that the incidence of preeclampsia is 13.35%. The incidence of lateral placental location is 51.63%. Patients with lateral placenta show a higher incidence of development of preeclampsia that is 71.69%. Women with lateral placental location have 1.77 times greater risk of development of preeclampsia than ones with central placental location. Clinical significance: This cheap, simple, easy, and feasible investigation could be helpful not only to predict the development of preeclampsia but also to reduce its severity, maternal complications, and neonatal complications associated with it.
The Model of Hierarchical Complexity is a behavioral model of development and evolution of the complexity of behavior. It is based on task analysis. Tasks are ordered in terms of their hierarchical complexity, which is an ordinal scale that measures difficulty. The hierarchical difficulty of tasks is categorized as the order of hierarchical complexity. Successful performance on a task is called the behavioral stage. This model can be applied to non-human animals, and humans. Using data from some of the simplest animals and also somewhat more complex ones, this analysis describes the four lowest behavioral stages and illustrate them using the behaviors of a range of simple organisms. For example, Stage 1 tasks, and performance on them, are addressed with automatic unconditioned responses. Behavior at this Stage includes sensing, tropisms, habituation and, other automatic behaviors. Single cell organisms operate at this Stage. Stage 2 tasks include these earlier behaviors, but also include respondent conditioning but not operant conditioning. Animals such as some simple invertebrates have shown respondent conditioning, but not operant conditioning. Stage 3 tasks coordinate three instances of these earlier tasks to make possible operant conditioning. These stage 3 performances are similar to those of some invertebrates and also insects. Stage 4 tasks organisms coordinate 2 or more circular sensory-motor task actions into a superordinate “concept”. This explanation of the early stages of the Model of Hierarchical Complexity may help future research in animal behavior, and comparative psychology.
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