Formulating healthy food rich in omega 3 fatty acids requires prior knowledge of the parameters influencing their bioavailability and their metabolic fate. In this context, we studied the effects of various emulsifiers widely used in the food industry, on the gastrointestinal lipolysis of flaxseed oil emulsions in an in vitro model and on the intestinal absorption and lymphatic secretion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in rats. In vitro data showed that the emulsification of flaxseed oil with soya lecithin improved the gastric lipolysis of the oil (+30%), while the presence of Tween 80 or of sodium caseinate decreased it (-80% and -40%, respectively). The in vivo data demonstrated that the intestinal absorption and the lymphatic secretion of ALA were improved with soya lecithin (Cmax = 24 mg mL(-1)) and reduced in the presence of sodium caseinate (Cmax = 7 mg mL(-1)) compared to unemulsified flaxseed oil (Cmax = 16 mg mL(-1)); Tween 80 had no effect. In addition, the synthesized chylomicrons were notably larger and more numerous with soya lecithin whereas they were smaller in the presence of sodium caseinate (p < 0.05). This study shows that the intestinal bioavailability of ALA was increased by the emulsification of flaxseed oil with soya lecithin via an improved lipolysis, favouring the intestinal absorption of ALA and the secretion of many large chylomicrons in lymph.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether milk polar lipids (PL) impact human intestinal lipid absorption, metabolism, microbiota and associated markers of cardiometabolic health.DesignA double-blind, randomised controlled 4-week study involving 58 postmenopausal women was used to assess the chronic effects of milk PL consumption (0, 3 or 5 g-PL/day) on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. The acute effects of milk PL on intestinal absorption and metabolism of cholesterol were assessed in a randomised controlled crossover study using tracers in ileostomy patients.ResultsOver 4 weeks, milk PL significantly reduced fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol and surrogate lipid markers of cardiovascular disease risk, including total/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein (Apo)B/ApoA1 ratios. The highest PL dose preferentially induced a decreased number of intestine-derived chylomicron particles. Also, milk PL increased faecal loss of coprostanol, a gut-derived metabolite of cholesterol, but major bacterial populations and faecal short-chain fatty acids were not affected by milk PL, regardless of the dose. Acute ingestion of milk PL by ileostomy patients shows that milk PL decreased cholesterol absorption and increased cholesterol-ileal efflux, which can be explained by the observed co-excretion with milk sphingomyelin in the gut.ConclusionThe present data demonstrate for the first time in humans that milk PL can improve the cardiometabolic health by decreasing several lipid cardiovascular markers, notably through a reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption involving specific interactions in the gut, without disturbing the major bacterial phyla of gut microbiota.Trial registration numberNCT02099032 and NCT02146339; Results.

Unlike SPL, MPL in the high-fat diet did not induce WAT hypertrophy and inflammation but increased colonic goblet cells. This supports further clinical exploration of different sources of dietary emulsifiers in the frame of obesity outbreak.

Postprandial lipemia in mice can be modulated by emulsifying with MPLs compared with SPLs, partly through differences in chylomicron assembly, and TG hydrolysis rate as observed in vitro. MPLs may thereby contribute to the long-term regulation of lipid metabolism.

-The low-grade inflammation observed in obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and insulin resistance. Among factors triggering such inflammation, recent works revealed the role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), so-called endotoxins. LPS are naturally present in the gut via the intestinal microbiota. Recent studies show that they can induce in plasma a metabolic endotoxemia after the consumption of unbalanced hyperlipidic meals. This article reviews recent knowledge gained on the role of intestinal lipid absorption and the composition of dietary lipids on: (i) the induction of metabolic endotoxemia, (ii) the types of plasma transporters of LPS and (iii) associated low-grade inflammation. Notably, lipids are present in foods under various physicochemical structures and notably in emulsified form. Our recent works reveal that such structure and the type of emulsifier can modulate postprandial lipemia; recent results on the possible consequences on metabolic endotoxemia will be discussed.Keywords: Nutrition / fat / oil / emulsifier / inflammation Résumé -Émulsions lipidiques alimentaires et endotoxémie. L'inflammation à bas bruit observée en situation d'obésité représente un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire et d'insulinorésistance. Parmi les facteurs responsables de cette inflammation, des travaux récents ont révélé l'implication des lipopolysaccharides bactériens, aussi appelés endotoxines. Ces endotoxines sont naturellement présentes dans le tractus digestif via le microbiote intestinal. Des études récentes montrent qu'elles peuvent générer une endotoxémie métabolique dans le plasma suite à la consommation de repas déséquilibrés hyperlipidiques. L'objectif de cette revue est de faire le point sur les connaissances récentes concernant le rôle de l'absorption intestinale des lipides et de la composition de ces derniers sur : (i) l'établissement d'une endotoxémie métabolique, (ii) la qualité des transporteurs plasmatiques des LPS et (iii) l'inflammation à bas bruit associée. En particulier, les lipides sont présents dans les aliments sous différentes structures physico-chimiques et notamment sous forme émulsionnée. Nos travaux récents montrent que cette structure est à même de moduler la lipémie postprandiale. Des résultats récents sur les possibles conséquences sur l'endotoxémie métabolique sont discutés.

Organisation (CNIEL). M-CM has received research funding for other research projects from CNIEL, Danone-Nutricia Research, Sodiaal-Candia R&D. M-CM has consultancy activities for food, fats and oils and dairy companies. M-CM is a member of the scientific advisory board of ITERG, the Industrial Technical Centre for the oils and fats business sector. These activities had no link with the present study. FJ was, and KB is, an employee of ITERG. PG is an employee of ACTALIA Produits Laitiers, an Agri-Food Technical Institute, with a strong specialization in dairy research and development, and food safety. MLa had research collaborations with Mondelez and Bridor without link with the present study. HV has research collaborations with PiLeJe and Roquette without link with the present study.

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Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2016, 60, 609–620. DOI: The effects of polar lipid emulsifiers from milk (MPL) versus soybean (SPL) were investigated in high‐fat (HF) fed mice. Compared with an HF‐SPL diet, which induced increased expression of inflammation markers in white adipose tissue, an HF‐MPL diet induced a lower expression of macrophage infiltration markers in white adipose tissue associated with a greater number of mucus‐producing goblet cells in the colon.