Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age groups. It is one of the leading causes of poor fertility. Risk factors include obesity, not enough physical exercise, and a family history. Most studies in India report prevalence of PCOS as 9.13% to 36%. Behaviour and life style modifications are important part of treatment for PCOS. A number of cases in the community due to lack of awareness and proper guidance, it remains undiagnosed. Aim of this study was to find the prevalence of PCOS among the young females of Bhopal city. Thus, risk assessment in the form of a survey would be one of the strategies to identify this syndrome early so as to encourage young women to seek timely treatment and prevent its long term complications. Methods: Non comparative cross sectional study for duration of 8 month. Results: The prevalence of PCOS in this study was 8.20%. Among all the risk factors, BMI ≥25 (P value < 0.0001) and waist hip ratio ≥0.85 (<0.0001) were strongly associated with the presence of PCOS and Lack of awareness, there were in girls (78.4%). Conclusions: Women who were having BMI ≥25 and waist hip ratio ≥0.85 should be educated about its complications and should be advised weight loss. Girls who had irregularity of menses and signs of hyperandrogenism should be investigated and must be managed accordingly. Early diagnosis of PCOS and its prompt treatment will help the girls to improve quality of life.

Background: Adolescence has been defined by the WHO as the period of life spanning the ages between 10 to 19 years. This is a vulnerable period in the human life cycle for the development of nutritional anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia among adolescents is 27% in developing countries and 6% in developed countries. The study was done with the objective to study the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls of selected urban slum of Bhopal.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for a period of 3 months on adolescent girls residing in selected urban slum of Bhopal. 98 adolescent girls who were registered in Anganwadi and present at time of study were interviewed. The data regarding their socio-demographic profile, anthropometric measurements were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Hemoglobin level was also estimated using Hemocue (Hb 201) and participants were classified as having no, mild, moderate and severe anaemia based on WHO grading of anaemia. Data was compiled using MS Excel and analysed using Epi info 7.Results: Anaemia was present in 57.65% girls. Out of which 34.7% had mild, 44.9% had moderate and 20.4% had severe anaemia. 29.4% knew improper diet as a cause of anaemia followed by Vitamin deficiency (25.8%) and iron deficiency (22.3%). 29.4% girls did not know any cause of anaemia. Similarly 29.4% and 51.7% of study participants did not know of any symptoms and treatment of anaemia respectively.Conclusions: The overall prevalence of anaemia was high among study participants. Knowledge regarding anaemia, its symptoms, causes and treatment was very poor among study participants.

BACKGROUND: Currently Government of India is providing comprehensive integrated health care to the rural people under the umbrella of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). A village level community health worker "Accredited Social Health Activist" (ASHA)' acts as an interface between the community and the public health system. OBJECTIVE: To assess the socio-demographic profile of ASHA workers and to evaluate their knowledge and practice of their responsibilities. SETTINGS & DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, Obedullaganj and Sanchi blocks of Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh. METHODS & MATERIAL: A cross-sectional study was conducted at obedullaganj and Sanchi in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh for a period of 1 year from October 2007 to October 2008 The study participants were trained ASHA workers working in the Sanchi & Obedullaganj block. Statistical Analysis: Chi Square test using MS excel & SPSS ver 17. RESULT: Majority of ASHA workers were aware about helping in immunization, accompanying clients for delivery, providing ANC and family planning services as a part of responsibility. About 99% of ASHAs knew registration of births and deaths, assisting Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) in village health planning, creating awareness on basic sanitation and personal hygiene. CONCLUSION: Despite the training given to ASHAs, lacunae still exists in their knowledge regarding various aspects of child health morbidity. Monthly meetings can be used as a platform for the reinforcement of various aspects of child health. Periodical refresher training should be conducted for all of the recruited ASHA workers. In the future training sessions, more emphasis should be given to high risk cases requiring prompt referral. INTRODUCTION: The Government of India launched the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) on 12th April 2005, to provide accessible, accountable, affordable, effective and reliable primary health care, especially to the poor and vulnerable sections of the population. 1, 2 The Mission adopts a synergistic approach by relating health to determinants of good health viz. segments of nutrition, sanitation, hygiene and safe drinking water. 3 One of the key components of the mission is creating a band of female health volunteers, appropriately named "Accredited Social Health Activist" (ASHA) in each village within the identified States. These village level community health workers would act as a 'bridge' or an interface between the rural people and health service outlets and would play a central role, in achieving national health and population policy goals. 4, 5 Framework of the NRHM underlines ASHA as a health activist in the community. 5 She is expected to Provide primary medical care with her kit, Control of diseases by information, education, sanitation and surveillance, antenatal, natal & postnatal services to women, counseling on family planning, safe abortion, child Immunization and Vitamin A supplementations, change in behavior in breast feeding, birth spacing, sex discrimination, child marriage, girls education,...

Antarctica. [3] Its global distribution has changed little since 2011, with more than 90% of rabies deaths occurring in Africa and Asia. [4] It causes more than 59,000 fatalities per year worldwide. [5] It is estimated that the South East Asia Region accounts for approximately 45% of human deaths due to rabies in the world. [6] The situation is especially pronounced in India, which reports about 18,000 to 20,000 cases of rabies a year and about 36% of the world's deaths from the disease, with 17.4 million exposures to animal bite every year. [6-8] Thus, the burden of the disease in India comes around 2/lakh population and is substantial. [2] The figures might be even higher as the disease is neither reported nor notified. [7] Rabies is reported throughout the year from all states of India except Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. [9] It is estimated that in the absence of the post-exposure prophylaxis about 327,000 people would die from rabies every year just in Asia and Africa. [2] Majority of the people who die of rabies are poor or belong to low socioeconomic status. [7] The Indian Background: Rabies is 100% fatal, 100% vaccine preventable disease, yet continues to kill. There are no global estimates of dog bite incidence; however, studies suggest that dog bites account for tens of millions of injuries annually. Tens of thousands of people die from rabies each year; one person dies every 10 min, with the greatest burden in Asia and Africa. Rabies is the 10th biggest cause of death due to infectious diseases worldwide, and it causes more than 59,000 fatalities per year worldwide. Objective: To determine the profile of animal bite cases attending the Anti-rabies Clinic of Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study carried out at Anti-rabies Clinic of Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal. The study was carried out by interviewing 1200 cases of animal bite for a period of 1 year. Result: A total of 1200 cases of animal bites were interviewed and examined in the present study. Most commonly (34.58%) affected age group was <15 years. Males were more (74.5%) affected as compared to females. Dogs were the main (92%) biting animals and protection of pet dogs (29.22%) with vaccination was low (24.4%). Lower limbs were the site of bite in 68.6%. 71.5% cases were of category III as per the WHO classification. Conclusions: High number of injuries due to dogs who are freely roaming, indicating the need of legislative measure which includes an effort to remove stray dogs and encourage owners to properly vaccinate their dogs, should be implemented.

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