The present work aimed to carry out the machining of EN-42 spring steel in wire electrical discharge machining with zinc-coated brass wire using distilled water as a dielectric medium. The effect of WS 2 powder added in a dielectric medium, on the metal removal rate and surface roughness has been evaluated. With the use of WS 2 , the conductivity of the dielectric is found to be constantly equal to 10 S/m, which is a very promising feature. WS 2 enhances dielectric life, metal removal rate, and surface roughness significantly. The effect of cryogenically treated wire on the metal removal rate and surface roughness during machining has been carried out. Taguchi method and genetic algorithm were used to optimize machining performance measures. Both methods provide optimum parameters and target value. The results of the Taguchi method show more error as compared to the genetic algorithm. The on time can be predicted as the most significant parameter according to the Taguchi method. From the results, it is observed that higher on time shows better metal removal rate and lower on time shows a better surface finish. Keywords Cryogenic treatment • Metal removal rate • Root mean square surface roughness • Taguchi • S-method • Genetic algorithm • EN-42 spring steel Abbreviations EDM Electrical discharge machining TWR Tool wear rate ASTM American society for testing and materials S/N Signal to noise ratio WEDM Wire electrical discharge machining Notations T on On time, µS T off Off time, µS F wf Wired feed, M/min F sf Servo feed, M/min MRR Material removal rate, m 3 /min
Mental disorders are stigmatised in Nepal. There are many instances where mentally ill people are tormented by their family members and society and where patients with mental illness are shackled and kept under house arrest. Physical illness attracts early medical care, but not mental illness. There are no asylums for patients suffering from mental illness. The Nepalese government must prioritise it as a serious health issue and allocate more money and take steps to tackle the stigma and deficiencies associated with it.
BACKGROUND: The Nepal Government imposed two national-level lockdowns to curtail the spread of coronavirus. Schools, colleges, and universities were briefly shut leading students to stay indoors. Change in daily routine, online education and plenty of free time has ultimately led to an increase in use of electronic gadgets like smartphones, laptops, etc. There have not been enough studies to evaluate the usage pattern of electronic gadgets and sleep quality among undergraduate medical students of Nepal before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. Our study aims to evaluate the usage pattern of electronic gadgets and sleep quality among undergraduate medical students before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nepal.METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 208 undergraduate medical students of Lumbini Medical College, Tansen, Palpa. Participants were requested to fill up an online questionnaire circulated via Viber and Facebook messenger. Gadget usage pattern and sleep quality before and during COVID-19 lockdown were evaluated using Smartphone addiction score-short version (SAS-SV) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) respectively.RESULTS: Of 208 responses which met the inclusion criteria, smartphone addiction was seen 94 (46.30%) respondents with higher number of male addicts (27.59%). Mean time spent in electronic gadgets raised significantly during lockdown compared to pre-COVID phase. 99 (48.77%) respondents had impaired sleep according to PSQI global sleep score. Significant relation was present between most of the components of PSQI with addicts and non-addicts.CONCLUSION: This study is merely a partial snapshot of the present scenario and provides preliminary understanding on smartphone use pattern and sleep quality among medical students from Nepal. It is critical to decrease total screen time and promote sleep quality for the betterment of physical and mental health of the future health care professionals.
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