Background:Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent form of diabetes worldwide. In western countries majority of the cases are obese. The scenario may be different in certain parts of India. Various studies have reported a high prevalence of lean type 2 diabetes mellitus with a body mass index < 19 kg/m2.Materials and Methods:We evaluated 100 cases of lean type 2 diabetes mellitus (62 males and 38 females).Results and Conclusion:The mean duration of diabetes was 51.7 months (range 5-180 months). The glycemic control was poor according to standard guidelines. The majority of them showed response to oral hypoglycemic agents. Secondary failure to oral hypoglycemic agents was seen in 27 patients. The prevalence of microvascular complications was much higher than macrovascular complications. Neuropathy was the commonest complication seen in 70%, followed by retinopathy in 25%. Only 12 patients had hypertension, one had coronary artery disease and two had cerebrovascular accident. Lipid profile was not significantly deranged in our patients.

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In recent times, demand for light weight and high strength materials fabricated from natural fibres has increased tremendously. The use of natural fibres has rapidly increased due to their high availability, low density, and renewable capability over synthetic fibre. Natural leaf fibres are easy to extract from the plant (retting process is easy), which offers high stiffness, less energy consumption, less health risk, environment friendly, and better insulation property than the synthetic fibre-based composite. Natural leaf fibre composites have low machining wear with low cost and excellent performance in engineering applications, and hence established as superior reinforcing materials compared to other plant fibres. In this review, the physical and mechanical properties of different natural leaf fibre-based composites are addressed. The influences of fibre loading and fibre length on mechanical properties are discussed for different matrices-based composite materials. The surface modifications of natural fibre also play a crucial role in improving physical and mechanical properties regarding composite materials due to improved fibre/matrix adhesion. Additionally, the present review also deals with the effect of silane-treated leaf fibre-reinforced thermoset composite, which play an important role in enhancing the mechanical and physical properties of the composites.

In this study, experiments are performed to study the physical and mechanical behaviour of chemically-treated sugarcane bagasse fibre-reinforced epoxy composite. The effect of alkali treatment, fibre varieties, and fibre lengths on physical and mechanical properties of the composites is studied. To study the morphology of the fractured composites, scanning electron microscopy is performed over fractured composite surfaces. The study found that the variety and lengths of fibres significantly influence the physical and mechanical properties of the sugarcane bagasse-reinforced composites. From the wear study, it is found that the composite fabricated from smaller fibre lengths show low wear. The chemically-treated bagasse-reinforced composites fabricated in this study show good physical and mechanical properties and are, therefore, proposed for use in applications in place of conventional natural fibres.

The present research focuses on studying the physical, mechanical, and abrasive wear behavior of the hemp/nettle natural fiber woven mat reinforced with the polyester matrix. The hemp and nettle fibers woven mats were reinforced into the polyester matrix by simple hand-layup, and after that compression molding process was used to fabricate the composites. The water absorption, tensile, flexural, and impact properties were studied using a hemp/nettle hybrid composite. This study found that increasing the amount of hemp and nettle fiber in polyester from 3 to 9 wt% increased the mechanical properties of hybrid composites. The higher weight percentage (9 wt%) of hemp/nettle fiber in polyester hybrid composites exhibited the highest tensile (42.41 MPa), flexural (78.52 MPa), impact (22.72 kJ/m 2 ) strength, and a higher hardness value of 46.7 HV. Finite element analysis simulation is conducted on mechanical

In this work, the performance study of an automobile radiator using nanofluid in comparison with distilled water as coolant in the heat exchanger-based radiator is evaluated. The distilled water and nanofluid are flown through the radiator consisting of upright tubes with an elliptical-shaped cross section. Forced air is passed through the radiator perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow in tubes. The experiments are performed with three different volumetric concentrations of nanofluid (Al 2 O 3-water), with different flow rates, air flow velocities, and fluid inlet temperatures. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that an increase in fluid flow rate and air flow rate improves the heat transfer performance. It was found that an enhancement in heat transfer rate was found to be the maximum up to 44.29% at 0.2% volume fraction of alumina-distilled water-based nanofluid in comparison with distilled water. The effectiveness of radiator was found maximum up to 40.3% at 0.2% volume fraction of alumina-distilled water based nanofluid at 40 LPH.

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