Seasonal variations in vitamin D nutrition were assessed by measurements of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in outdoor workers, indoor workers and long-term hospital inpatients. All three groups showed seasonal changes and the outdoor workers had, as might be expected, the highest levels at all seasons. However, the highest levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were found in October in the indoor workers and in November for the outdoor workers whereas the peak in ultraviolet exposure was in July. The possible reasons for this long lag are discussed; the most likely explanation is that vitamin D continues to be formed and stored during the autumn especially in outdoor workers.

There are many types of sun-beds, sun-benches and sun-panels containing fluorescent tubes which, because of their predominantly UV-A emission, are advertised to the public as a means of obtaining a tan without sunburn. This study reports the effects of a sun-bed on skin colour, on the protection afforded against sunburn, and on vitamin D formation. Side-effects are also recorded. It was shown that the sun-bed emits mainly UV-A but very little UV-B and some tanning occurred in most subjects. However, no correlation was observed between the subjects' stated ability to tan and the degree of pigmentation achieved at the end of the treatment. Most subjects also had itching and erythema, and three had polymorphic light eruption. Although very little UV-B irradiation was present, a significant increase in serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D occurred, and possible explanations of this surprising finding are discussed. While the sun-bed proved popular with the subjects, only a modest tan was achieved and the incidence of side-effects appeared to limit the value of this type of appliance, especially with regard to the prevention of vitamin D deficiency.

1. A group of 129 patients with chronic alcoholism were assessed for their nutritional status with respect to 2. In all subjects the plasma values were normal for calcium, magnesium and zinc.3. As in other studies a seasonal variation was found in the plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the control subjects and the alcoholic subjects; in all seasons lower levels were found in the alcoholics than in the controls, but none of the alcoholic patients had results in the range found in osteomalacia.certain minerals and vitamins, and compared with control subjects. 4.The alcoholic subjects had low levels of ascorbic acid both in the plasma and in the leucocytes. 5.Although vitamin A and /?-carotene levels were within the reference range, the results in alcoholics were 6. We suggest that subclinical vitamin deficiencies other than thiamine deficiency contribute to the cerebral found to be lower than in the control subjects. impairment frequently found in alcoholism.

Osteomalacia due to vitamin D deficiency is common in elderly women. It has been suggested that ultraviolet light may have a place in its prevention but our studies with Vita-Lite fluorescent tubes have given no support to the view that these can play a useful role in the promotion of vitamin D synthesis.

Due to the emergence of drug‐resistant microbial strains, different research groups are continuously developing novel drug molecules against already exploited and unexploited targets. 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole derivatives exhibited noteworthy antimicrobial activities. The presence of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety in antimicrobial agents can modify their polarity and flexibility, which significantly improves biological activities due to various bonded and non‐bonded interactions viz. hydrogen bond, steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic with target sites. The present review elaborates the therapeutic targets and mode of interaction of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles as antimicrobial agents. 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives target enoyl reductase (InhA), 14α‐demethylase in the mycobacterial cell; GlcN‐6‐P synthase, thymidylate synthase, peptide deformylase, RNA polymerase, dehydrosqualene synthase in bacterial strains; ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, P450‐14α demethylase, protein‐N‐myristoyltransferase in fungal strains; FtsZ protein, interfere with purine and functional protein synthesis in plant bacteria. The present review also summarizes the effect of different moieties and functional groups on the antimicrobial activity of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives.

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Thiazole or 1,3-thiazole is a distinct heterocyclic compound which incorporates sulphur and nitrogen atoms. It is a vital framework present in numerous pharmacologically active compounds, be it of natural origin or of synthetic nature. Many thiazoles having antitumor and antiviral activities, originate from microbes and marine organisms. A variety of synthetic drugs, having thiazole group, like antimicrobial sulfathiazole, antibiotic penicillin, antidepressant pramipexole, antineoplastic agent bleomycin, antiretroviral drug ritonavir, histamine H 2 receptor antagonist nizatidine, anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam, antifungal stilbene derivatives have been in the markets for quite some time. Hofmann and Hantzsch laid the groundwork for further development in the field of thiazole chemistry. The interaction of α-haloketones or α-halogenaldehyde and thioamide to obtain thiazoles is beautifully described by Hantzsch. Various studies have reported methods for the synthesis of the thiazoles; thioforamide, thiourea, α-thiocyanotoketones, and vinyl bromide have been extensively employed to synthesize thiazoles. The thiazoles have immense potential and this study tries to enlighten the crucial role of thiazoles for the betterment of society. The review provides different directions in the synthesis of novel thiazoles and also reveals diverse targets for augmentation in the field of designing of novel thiazoles.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worldwide concern among infectious diseases due to increased mortality, morbidity and treatment cost. According to WHO 2019 report, among the 32 antibiotics in the clinical trials, only six were classified as innovative and containing novel moiety. The remaining antibiotics from this list contain previously known moiety (WHO AMR 2019). Therefore, the development of novel antibiotics to control resistance problems is crucial. Benzothiazole derivatives are of great interest due to their wide range of biological activities and medicinal applications. Reported data indicated that benzothiazole derivatives displayed antibacterial activity by inhibiting the dihydroorotase, DNA gyrase, uridine diphosphate-n-acetyl enol pyruvyl glucosamine reductase (MurB), peptide deformylase, aldose reductase, casdihydrofolate reductase, enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase, dialkylglycine decarboxylase, dehydrosqualene synthase, dihydropteroate synthase and tyrosine kinase. The present review analyzed the synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR) and mechanism of action studies of benzothiazole derivatives as antibacterial agents reported by various research groups in the last five years (2018–2022). Different patents on the antimicrobial activity of benzothiazole derivatives have also been summarized. The finding of the present review will be beneficial for the researchers in the development of novel antibacterial molecules based on benzothiazole moiety. Graphical Abstract