Thiazoles: A Retrospective Study on Synthesis, Structure-activity Relationship and Therapeutic Significance

Abstract

Thiazole or 1,3-thiazole is a distinct heterocyclic compound which incorporates sulphur and nitrogen atoms. It is a vital framework present in numerous pharmacologically active compounds, be it of natural origin or of synthetic nature. Many thiazoles having antitumor and antiviral activities, originate from microbes and marine organisms. A variety of synthetic drugs, having thiazole group, like antimicrobial sulfathiazole, antibiotic penicillin, antidepressant pramipexole, antineoplastic agent bleomycin, antiretroviral drug ritonavir, histamine H 2 receptor antagonist nizatidine, anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam, antifungal stilbene derivatives have been in the markets for quite some time. Hofmann and Hantzsch laid the groundwork for further development in the field of thiazole chemistry. The interaction of α-haloketones or α-halogenaldehyde and thioamide to obtain thiazoles is beautifully described by Hantzsch. Various studies have reported methods for the synthesis of the thiazoles; thioforamide, thiourea, α-thiocyanotoketones, and vinyl bromide have been extensively employed to synthesize thiazoles. The thiazoles have immense potential and this study tries to enlighten the crucial role of thiazoles for the betterment of society. The review provides different directions in the synthesis of novel thiazoles and also reveals diverse targets for augmentation in the field of designing of novel thiazoles.

2-(4-Nitrophenyl)isothiazol-3(2H)-one: A Promising Selective Agent against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

“…This suggests a potential advantage of IsoB in achieving cytotoxic effects at substantially lower concentrations and within a shorter timeframe. In addition, the CC 50 value for IsoB falls well within the lower part of the range of respective concentrations of other isothiazolones determined for their in vitro cancer cytotoxicity [15,38,39]. In particular, the observed effect on cell viability of IsoB with 3.54 µg/mL CC 50 (16.3 µM) is comparable to those reported by Lu et al [40] and Zaharia et al [14] against various cancer lines.…”

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel N-Arylpiperazines Containing a 4,5-Dihydrothiazole Ring

“…Therefore, this scaffold could represent a new structural element that is useful for discovering novel pharmacological tools in treatment to target 5HTR [20][21][22]. Simultaneously, it was already reported that thiazole-containing compounds have been developed as possible inhibitors of several targets involved in biochemical and oncogenic regulatory pathways, including enzyme-linked receptors located on the cell membrane (polymerase inhibitors) and cell cycle (microtubular inhibitors) [23,24]. Hence, we investigated the cytotoxic activity of novel thiazolinylphenyl-piperazines (2a-c and 3a-c) against LNCAP (androgen sensitive), DU145 and PC3 (androgen independent) prostate cancer cells, and MCF7 (ER+, PR+, HER2−), SKBR3 (ER−, PR+, HER2+) and MDA-MB231 (ER−, PR−, HER2−) breast cancer cell lines (Table 2).…”

Synthesis, Molecular Docking Study, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Some Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole as Well as 1,3-Thiazole Derivatives Bearing a Pyridine Moiety

“…1,3-Thiazoles, which derived from thiosemicarbazone derivatives, is also known for its various pharmacological applications, as its scaffold is useful for several natural, non-natural and semi-synthetic drugs, including anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic and antineoplastic properties [ 13 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Numerous studies suggested that medications such as Tiazofurin, Dasatinib, and Dabrafenib that contain thiazoles may have anticancer properties against different cancer types ( Figure 1 ) [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”