RESUMO:A poluição marinha tem sido razão de preocupação de toda sociedade mundial. Os níveis de poluição provocados pela ação descontrolada da humanidade têm levado a Organização das Nações Unidas a organizar diversas Convenções e Tratados para disciplinar o uso do recurso do mar e a prevenção da poluição ambiente marinho. Foram evocados princípios ambientais como da precaução e do poluidor-pagador na criação de um conjunto de regras de forma a contribuir efetivamente para diminuição dos riscos de poluição marinha em vários aspectos. O Brasil tem estabelecido importante legislação calcada nos resultados dos tratados e acordos assinados dos quais participou. Palavras-chave: Poluição Marinha. Princípio da Precaução. Princípio do Poluidor-Pagador. Legislação Ambiental. Direito No Mar.
ABSTRACT:Marine pollution has been a concern of every society in the world. The levels of pollution caused by the uncontrolled action of mankind have led the United Nations Organization to organize various Conventions and Treaties to discipline the use of the sea resource and the prevention of pollution of the marine environment. Environmental principles such as precautionary and polluter-pays principles have been invoked in creating a set of rules in order to effectively contribute to reducing the risks of marine pollution in several respects. Brazil has established important legislation based on the results of the signed treaties and agreements in which it participated.
Tropical coastal lagoons are highly productive environments exhibiting high biodiversity. However, the use of these ecosystems by local communities is of concern, since this generally leads to environmental degradation. The Imboassica coastal lagoon, located in Macaé city, in Northern Rio de Janeiro, is an important ecosystem in the state, however, already displaying signs of anthropogenic impacts. Carnivorous fish Hoplias malabaricus specimens were sampled from this impacted site, as well as from a reference area. Fish from Imboassica Lagoon presented lower condition factor, lower cholinesterase activity, and higher percentage of erythrocyte micronuclei when compared to fish from the reference site. Metals in fish from Imboassica Lagoon were always higher than Encantada Lagoon, with some seasonal differences, where some metals were higher in the rainy season compared to the dry season in muscle tissue, with the exception of Cu, Fe, Sr, and Zn; and in the liver, except for Ba, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Sr. Cr and Mn in the edible muscle portion of the fish were higher than the limits established by Brazilian and International legislations as permissible for human consumption, thus leading to concerns regarding public health risks for the local population that use fish as their main protein source.
A Lagoa de Araruama é a maior laguna hipersalina do mundo e está localizada no sudeste do Brasil, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A laguna vem sofrendo perda da qualidade ambiental devido intervenções antrópicas, como o aumento da liberação de resíduos orgânicos em decorrência do crescimento populacional na região litorânea. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar alguns impactos sofridos pela Lagoa de Araruama no município de Cabo Frio, através da percepção da comunidade da Praia do Siqueira sobre a laguna e de fornecer dados para futuras propostas de projetos de Educação Ambiental. Foram realizadas quatro etapas no trabalho: (1) avaliação físico-química; (2) avaliação microbiológica; (3) registro fotográfico e relatório da visita guiada; (4) entrevista direcionada.
If the current policy explores the utilization of active ingredients in use quickly and to the maximum, the same does not occur with the ban on the registration of products highly dangerous to both health and the environment. The current policy does not aim at reducing pesticide toxicity and ecotoxicity, required to reduce environmental contamination and human exposure. To this end, it is essential to adjust scientific evaluation parameters concerning lower concentration tolerance limits to modernity standards, in addition to banning products for which there is scientific evidence of carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic actions. In ecotoxicology, reducing the applicable concentration limits is paramount for preserving bees, birds, and other forms of domestic and wildlife. When evaluating active ingredients, it is imperative to prioritize more biodegradable molecules with low potential for environmental mobilization through volatilization and leaching, preserving both air and water quality. Another goal, among others, is a program for the generalized reduction of successfully implemented in several countries. Brazil, a tropical agriculture leader, should stand out by incorporating sustainability while preserving both health and the environment.
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